Green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO ₂ ) nanoparticles by using Mentha arvensis leaves extract and its antimicrobial properties

Green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their future applications in biomedicine, agriculture and industry

“…When it comes to the extraction, a great number of experiments were performed using water as solvent and only a few chose ethanol (Sundrarajan et al, 2017;Ahmad et al, 2020). TiO 2 NPs were synthesised starting from bulk TiO 2 (Velayutham et al, 2012;Thakur et al, 2019), but also from different metal salts: TiO(OH) 2 (Hudlikar et al, 2012;Zahir et al, 2015), TiCl 4 (Kashale et al, 2016;Goutam et al, 2018), titanium tetraisopropoxide (Sankar et al, 2014;Shanavas et al, 2020), titanium oxysulphate (Bavanilatha et al, 2019) or titanium butoxide (Bekele et al, 2020).…”

“…NPs can acquire similar properties through the transfer of the phytochemicals on their surface during the capping process. For example, Ahmad et al (2020) have developed a mint-based method by which spherical NPs have been obtained with a size between 20 and 70 nm, probably due to the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids and phenolics in the Mentha arvensis ethanolic leaf extract (Ahmad et al, 2020 (He et al, 2017) were involved in TiO 2 NPs biosynthesis. In general, research has focused on Angiosperm plants while Plantae kingdom comprises also gymnosperms, pteridophytes (ferns), bryophytes (mosses) and macroalgae, and for other kind of NPs these organisms have given efficient results (Acharya and Sarkar, 2014;Bhor et al, 2014;Jha and Prasad, 2010;Momeni and Nabipour, 2015).…”

“…NPs can be used against pathogenic microorganisms in the field of medicine and/or animal breeding and they can be applied on surfaces, textiles or food packaging (Diaz-Visurraga et al, 2010;Radetić, 2013). The antibacterial activity of green synthesized TiO 2 NPs was so far assessed on different types of human pathogenic bacteria including the most common Escherichia coli and other gastrointestinal pathogens, but also the ones causing lung infectious diseases (Subhapriya and Gomathipriya, 2018;Bavanilatha et al, 2019;Ahmad et al, 2020;Ağçeli et al, 2020). When it comes to fungal species, the most targeted seems to be Candida albicans (Ağçeli et al, 2020;Peiris et al, 2018;Subhapriya and Gomathipriya, 2018;Sundrarajan et al, 2017), although some experiments tested the antifungal activity of TiO 2 NPs against some species of Aspergillus (Ağçeli et al, 2020;Ahmad et al, 2020;Sundrarajan et al, 2017) or Arthrographis cuboid (Ahmad et al, 2020).…”

“…2021 4 (1) 1-21 9 revealed that TiO 2 NPs absorbed on their surface the least amount of phenolics, flavonoids and tannins (Alavi and Karimi, 2018). Furthermore, TiO 2 NPs synthesized using M. arvensis had no effect against E. coli or S. aureus as well as against A. cuboid or Aspergillus fumigates fungi (Ahmad et al 2020). A minor bactericidal effect was reported when TiO 2 NPs synthesized using Prunus yedoensis were applied against S. aureus and E. coli (Manikandan et al 2018).…”

Green Chemistry: Evolution in Architecting Schemes for Perfecting the Synthesis Methodology of the Functionalized Nanomaterials

“…[74] or more advanced coupled techniques such as Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) [75] should be utilized for the screening and metabolite profiling of the plant extract as not only these techniques are helpful in the screening/characterization in very short analysis time with high precision, sensitivity and selectivity but it can also provide the quantitative information regarding the metabolites as well. [74,75] For extraction, the technique of Soxhlet extraction, which utilizes organic solvents in large quantities, is extensively utilized even now [76] but certain other techniques including pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) [77] and supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) [78] which are preferably more environmental friendly in comparison to the conventional techniques have also become popular in recent times. The PLE technique carried out by utilizing the hot water exhibited a similar extraction efficacy with a faster rate and exhaustiveness in comparison to the traditional extraction technique of Soxhlet extraction.…”