Green synthesis of Zn nanoparticles and in situ hybridized with BSA nanoparticles for Baicalein targeted delivery mediated with glutamate receptors to U87‐MG cancer cell lines

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant tumor of the brain. It has different glutamate receptor types. So, these receptors can be a suitable target for GBM treatment. The current study investigated the anticancer effects of bovine serum albumin (BSA)‐Baicalein @Zn‐Glu nanostructure mediated‐GluRs in human glioblastoma U87 cells. BSA‐Ba@Zn‐Glu hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) were set and considered transporters for Baicalein (Ba) active compound delivery. BSA‐Ba@Zn‐Glu NPs were synthesized by a single‐step reduction process. The successful production was confirmed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and hemolysis test. The cytotoxic efficacy and apoptosis rate of the nanostructures on U87 glioblastoma cells were investigated by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthialzol‐a‐yl)‐2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry assays, respectively. The synthesized BSA‐Ba@Zn‐Glu nanostructures with a diameter of 142.40 ± 1.91 to 177.10 ± 1.87 nm and zeta potential of −10.57 ± 0.71 to −35.77 ± 0.60 mV are suitable for extravasation into tumor cells. The drug release from the BSA‐Ba@Zn NPs showed controlled and pH‐dependent behavior. In vitro results indicated that the BSA‐Ba@Zn‐Glu NPs significantly reduce cell viability and promote apoptosis of U87 cancer cells. It revealed the cytotoxic effect of the Baicalein and an increase in cellular uptake of nanoparticles by Glu receptors. Zn NPs were synthesized based on a green synthesis method. BSA NPs were used as a nano‐platform for Glu conjugation and Ba drug delivery. BSA‐Ba@Zn‐Glu NPs induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human brain cancer cells (U87) in a dose‐dependent manner. Finally, this nanostructure could be served in targeted drug delivery in vivo studies and applied along with other strategies such as X‐ray irradiation as combinational therapies in future studies.

Liposome Nanocarriers Based on γ Oryzanol: Preparation, Characterization, and In Vivo Assessment of Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity

“…The hemolysis test assesses the damage to the red blood cells (RBCs) and the subsequent release of hemoglobin into the surrounding media. The test was conducted according to previously reported protocols . Standardization of the National Institute of Health (NIH) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Helsinki’s declaration and regulation are statements of ethical principles.…”

Selenium‐doped albumin nanoparticles enhance tamoxifen‐induced anticancer effects in 4T‐1 mouse breast cancer cells

“…Different kinetic models were used to assess the release mechanism and kinetics of TAM from the nanoparticles (Table S1). The release data obtained from the in vitro drug release assay were fitted to various kinetic models, 13 and the best‐fit model was determined based on the lowest values of the mean squared error (MSE) and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC).…”

“…These loading efficiencies indicate successful incorporation of TAM into the nanostructures and are consistent with or comparable to previously reported studies. 13 The in vitro release behavior of TAM from the nanostructures was evaluated under pH conditions mimicking both normal and tumor tissue environments. In addition, the release behavior of free TAM (unencapsulated TAM) was also examined under different pH conditions.…”

“…These nanoparticles act as protective structures, preventing drug degradation, inactivation, and immunological effects when functionalized with various groups as suitable drug carriers. 12,13 Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) are widely recognized for their biocompatibility and stabilizing properties, exhibiting enhanced selectivity towards cancer cells and reducing side effects. Biocompatibility and anticancer activity of Se NPs make them as a promising anticancer drug vehicles.…”

“…These improvements are attributed to targeted drug delivery, which has led to the development of nanocarriers such as bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA NPs). These nanoparticles act as protective structures, preventing drug degradation, inactivation, and immunological effects when functionalized with various groups as suitable drug carriers 12,13 . Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) are widely recognized for their biocompatibility and stabilizing properties, exhibiting enhanced selectivity towards cancer cells and reducing side effects.…”