Green synthesized gold nanoparticles from Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones show efficacy against hepatic carcinoma potentially through immunoregulation

Abstract

Nanobiotechnology, the interface between biology and nanotechnology, has recently emerged in full bloom in the medical field due to its minimal side-effects and high efficiency. To broaden the application of nanobiotechnology, we composed gold nanoparticles from the extract of Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones (PCSP) using an efficient and green procedure. The biosynthesized Au nanoparticles containing PCSP (PCSP-AuNPs) were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopic, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDAX). After verifying the stability of PCSP-AuNPs, we detected its biosafety and immune-modulatory effects on RAW264.7 in vitro using NO assay, ELISA (TNF-α, IL-12p70, and IL-1β), and CCK-8 test. Furthermore, we examined the direct in vitro effects of PCSP-AuNPs on hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Finally, we evaluated the immune regulation of PCSP-AuNPs using a mouse model with H22-tumor by testing the index of immune organs, splenic lymphocyte proliferation, cytokines levels (TNF-α and IL-10), and the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio in the peripheral blood. Immunohistochemical analyses including H&E and PCNA staining were performed to investigate the anti-cancer efficacy and biocompatibility of PCSP-AuNPs. We found that PCSP-AuNPs not just possessed low toxicity, but also improved the immune-mediated antitumor response as compared to PCSP alone, suggesting its potential as a novel and efficient drug for liver cancer therapy.

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from Polygahatous Polysaccharides and Their Anticancer Effect on Hepatic Carcinoma through Immunoregulation

“…Therefore, PSP-AuNPs demonstrated greater hepatic carcinoma tumor inhibition effect through immunoregulation than PSP did. In contrast to previous studies, , we synthesized PSP-AuNPs from PSP with high a purity (>90%), and this strength facilitated studying the particular immunoregulation and anticancer function of PSP-AuNPs. We not only synthesized the nanoparticles successfully but also confirmed the anticancer effect on hepatic carcinoma of PSP-AuNPs through immunoregulation.…”

“…AuNPs possess advantages, including low toxicity, slowing drug degradation, and reducing the dosage and toxicity of drugs used . AuNPs have been widely used in biomedical fields, including clinical chemistry, immunology, microbiology, the diagnosis, and treatment of malignant tumors. , Previous studies have demonstrated that the effects of the combination of AuNPs with extracts and polysaccharides from TCM are superior to the effects of single TCM ingredients in the treatment of liver cancer. , The most common method for synthesizing AuNPs involves the reduction of dissolving gold salt, such as chloroauric acid. Therefore, AuNPs might be synthesized through the reduction of chloroauric acid with PSP (PSP-AuNPs), reducing the toxicity of drugs and extending the duration of drug circulation to achieve more efficient biological functions.…”

“… 28 , 29 Previous studies have demonstrated that the effects of the combination of AuNPs with extracts and polysaccharides from TCM are superior to the effects of single TCM ingredients in the treatment of liver cancer. 30 , 31 The most common method for synthesizing AuNPs involves the reduction of dissolving gold salt, such as chloroauric acid. Therefore, AuNPs might be synthesized through the reduction of chloroauric acid with PSP (PSP-AuNPs), reducing the toxicity of drugs and extending the duration of drug circulation to achieve more efficient biological functions.…”