Green-Synthesized Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles Induced Osteoblastic Differentiation in Bone Co-Cultured Cells

Abstract

In this work, magnesium hydroxide NPs were synthesized using water (Mg(OH)2 NPs) or a rose hip (RH) extract (Mg(OH)2RH NPs) and tested for the bone cells’ effects in co-cultured osteoblastic and osteoclastic cells, using a Transwell® insert system, allowing reciprocal cell paracrine interactions. Behavior of each cell population was characterized for typical phenotype markers, at days 1 and 6. Cell cultures treated with osteogenic/osteoclastogenic inducers were used as positive control of cell differentiation. The NPs presented a round shape morphology with an average diameter ~90 nm (Mg(OH)2 NPs) and below 10 nm (Mg(OH)2RH NPs. Both NPs induced osteoblastic and osteoclastic behavior similarly to that observed in induced osteoblastic and osteoclastic cultures (positive controls). Differences between the two types of particles were evident at the gene expression level. Compared to Mg(OH)2 NPs, the green-synthesized NPs greatly increased the expression of osteoblastic genes coding for the early markers ALP and collagen type 1 and the later transcription factor osterix, while decreasing the expression of osteoclastogenic genes, namely the essential transcription factor NFATC1, TRAP and the genes coding for the functional markers CA2 and CTSK. Overall, a positive added effect could be hypothesized for Mg(OH)2RH NPs with potential usefulness to promote bone formation in regenerative applications.

A Comprehensive Review on Collagen Type I Development of Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering: From Biosynthesis to Bioscaffold

“…Such endeavours are still being pursued by scientists today. However, some prefer to integrate collagen with synthetic polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL), polyglycolic acids (PLGAs) [ 209 ], polyvinyl alcohol [ 224 ], and glass bead particles [ 225 , 226 ] for various applications. For example, Xu et al (2022) explored the integration of synthetic polymer polycaprolactone (PCL) with rat tail collagen type I to reduce keratocyte differentiation and prevent fibrosis of the corneal stroma after injury [ 227 ].…”

Simulating In Vitro the Bone Healing Potential of a Degradable and Tailored Multifunctional Mg-Based Alloy Platform

“…This was not the case of the extracts from anodized AZ31 and, in particular, the original alloy ( Figure 2 b). Higher extract dilutions (10% and 5%) did cause a stimulatory effect in TRAP activity, an enzyme beginning to be expressed early in the differentiation pathway and still present in the mature osteoclast [ 55 ], along with an up-regulation of the genes coding for TRAP (as expected, considering the higher enzyme activity) and for calcitonin receptors, a specific marker of these cells [ 54 , 56 ]. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the expression of genes for the later markers C-src, with a key role in osteoclast bone resorbing activity, and Catk, a protease involved in the degradation of type I collagen in the bone matrix were not affected, probably suggested that the tested extracts did not induce the formation of fully mature resorbing osteoclasts compared to the control.…”

“…In control conditions, the mononuclear osteoclastic precursors of the peripheral blood were cultured in the presence of the factors MCSF and RANKL, known to induce osteoclastogenesis in vitro [ 54 ]. During osteoclastogenic differentiation, the high number of seeded mononuclear cells fused to form a much lower number of multinucleated functional osteoclasts at longer incubation times [ 55 ].…”

Magnesium hydroxide nanoneedles derived fromAnthocleista schweinfurthiiGilg (Loganiaceae) support mesenchymal stromal cell proliferation and wound healing

“…Here, we studied cellular behaviors upon treatment with 150 and 300 ug/mL, based on previous studies showing that 300-500 ug/mL of MgO nanoparticles kills 50% of BM-MSC cells and rosehip-functionalized MgO nanoparticles did not affect cell viability and proliferation in the concentration range of 1 to 100 ug/mL [35,36,44]. We showed that cells treated with Mg(OH) 2 -AS showed higher metabolic activity compared to cells treated with Mg(OH) 2 or AS alone.…”

“…This positive activity may be due to the release of Mg 2+ ions from Mg(OH) 2 -AS known to enhance osteogenic activity of BM-MSCs [46]. Spherical magnesium hydroxide mediated rose hip and Mg(OH) 2 with osteoblastic properties have been shown to be active on the MG-63 cell line [35]. Pinho et al postulated a beneficial impact of polyphenols in rosehip extract polyphenols.…”