Green Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles Mediated by Mentha Spicata Extract Induce Plant Systemic Resistance against Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Abstract

Globally, plant viral infection is one of the most difficult challenges of food security, where considerable losses in crop production occur. Nanoparticles are an effective control agent against numerous plant pathogens. However, there is limited knowledge concerning their effects against viral infection. In the present study, the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Mentha spicata was achieved. X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the crystalline nature of the prepared ZnO NPs. Dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed that the resultant ZnO NPs were spherical in shape with a particle size ranged from 11 to 88 nm. Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy detected different functional groups, capping and stability agents, and showed Zn-O bond within wavenumber of 487 cm−1. Under greenhouse conditions, the antiviral activity of biological synthesized ZnO NPs (100 µg/mL) against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was evaluated. The double foliar application of the prepared ZnO NPs, 24 h before and 24 h after TMV-inoculation, was the most effective treatment that showed a 90.21% reduction of viral accumulation level and disease severity. Additionally, the transcriptional levels of PAL, PR-1 (salicylic acid marker gene), CHS, and POD genes were induced and up-regulated in all ZnO NPs treated plants. Notably, the results exhibited that aqueous extract of Mentha spicata was an effective reducing agent for the green synthesis of ZnO NPs, which showed significant antiviral activity. Finally, the detected protective and curative activity of ZnO NPs against TMV can encourage us to recommend its application for plant viral disease management. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the antiviral activity of the green synthesized ZnO NPs.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant Lawsonia inermis and their mosquitocidal, antimicrobial, anticancer applications showing moderate side effects

“…The leaf extract was combined with 1-mM ZnNO 3 (Sigma-Aldrich, India) solution and was stirred at room temperature (35 ± 2 °C) for 1 h. A brown-yellowish precipitate was heated under stirring at 60 °C for 4 h and further, the solution was continuously stirred at room temperature for 24 h 18 . The precipitate was dried at 100 °C.…”

“…Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis was carried out using a spectrum 65 FT-IR spectrometer (PerkinElmer Co., Ltd., Massachusetts, USA). ZnO NPs were used for scanning electron microscopy (FEI QUANTA-200; SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) 18 . XRD pattern were recorded using Cu Kα radiation at a wavelength of 1.54060 Å, with a nickel monochromator in the 2θ range from 10° to 80° using an analytical X-PERT PRO, diffractometer.…”

The Phytochemical, Antifungal, and First Report of the Antiviral Properties of Egyptian Haplophyllum tuberculatum Extract

“…After treatment with RNase-free DNase to eliminate genomic DNA, the concentration and quality of the extracted RNA were determined at A 260/ A 280 and A 260/ A 230 using SPECTROstar Nano (BMG Labtech, Ortenberg, Germany). In contrast, the integrity of the RNA was assessed by the agarose gel electrophoresis technique [ 56 ]. First-strand cDNA was synthesized using 1 μg of total RNA with random oligohexamers and oligo (dT) primers, as described previously [ 57 ].…”

Chemically and Green Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles Alter Key Immunological Molecules in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Skin Mucus

“…The green synthesis of NPs using plant extracts offers an alternative and promising approach in the production of safer and environmentally friendly nanoparticles [ 28 , 29 ]. According to [ 30 ], the eco-friendly biosynthesized NPs provides an alternative to the chemically synthesized ones, which should lower the chemical toxicity in the natural environments.…”

“…A recent study reported that the chemical synthesized silver NPs is 10 times more toxic than the green synthesized nanoparticles for Artemia nauplii [ 32 ]. Another recent review recommends the potential use of the green synthesized ZnO-NPs as growth promotors, also, to increase resistance against viral infection [ 28 ]. Furthermore, ZnO-NPs have been found to exert cytotoxic activity against cancer cells in addition to their promising antimicrobial activity [ 33 ].…”