Green Tomato Extract Prevents Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rats, a Model of Osteoporosis

Abstract

Although drug therapies are available for postmenopausal osteoporosis, these drugs are not free of side effects and long-term adherence to them are low. A safe and effective nutritional approach to counter postmenopausal osteoporosis is an important research goal. We fed ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague–Dawley rats a diet supplemented with 1% or 2% green tomato extract (GTE). After 12 weeks, micro-computed tomography scans revealed that GTE supplementation effectively prevented distal femur bone loss. This prevention was due to improved bone formation and suppressed bone resorption as observed by the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast activities. GTE supplementation also improved bone formation through Bmp2-Smad 1/5/8-Runx2 signaling, while bone resorption was regulated by the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANKL)/osteoprogeterin (OPG) pathway. These results suggest that GTE supplementation prevents severe postmenopausal bone loss by maintaining the regulation of bone homeostasis in OVX rats. GTE as a diet supplement might be a potential novel alternative for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Bone morphogenetic protein 4 as a biomarker for cadmium-associated bone damage

“…In fact, many studies have also demonstrated that Cd exposure suppresses BMSC osteogenesis through a series of signaling pathways, the detailed mechanism and sensitive and speci c biomarkers is not clear [15,19,33,37]. To nd sensitive and speci c biomarkers of Cd exposure inhibits osteoblast differentiation, we focused on the effect of BMPs and Smads, as it is highly expressed in osteoblasts and generally believed to induce osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs [42,43,44]. BMPs were originally named for their ability to induce ectopic bone formation.…”

Agri-Food Waste Recycling for Healthy Remedies: Biomedical Potential of Nutraceuticals from Unripe Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

“…Although PADs are a more sensitive analytical technique than other detectors (e.g., UV and DADs), HPLC analysis can generate a non-linear response due to the overloaded detector cell at high concentrations [38]. The ultraviolet (UV) and diode array (DAD) detectors are the most widely used techniques due to their easy use and low cost of analysis [33][34][35][36]51,53,58,67]. However, α-tomatine is detected around 200 nm due to the lack of UV-visible functional groups, a wavelength with low specificity.…”

“…The clean-up is carried out using aqueous organic mixtures of methanol, generally at 5-10%, which remove non-basic interferents such as polyphenols. Instead, SGA elution is performed with basic ammonia mixtures in organic solvents (e.g., 2.5-5% ammonium in methanol) [57,58].…”

“…These methods are based on the use of pH modifiers (e.g., formic acid, acetic acid, ammonium hydroxide), modifying compounds' solubility for the ionization of the nitrogen atom, which is in common with all α-tomatine analogues. Some protocols are reported for the extraction of acetoxytomatine [19,47] and tomatidine [19,35,40,58,59]. Table 2 summarizes the conditions of the extraction methods applied over the years to extract α-tomatine.…”

Comparison of postprandial glycaemic response following wholemeal bread meal consumption between healthy young adults with Asian and Caucasian ethnicities

“…Dietary fibre can attenuate the postprandial glycaemic response and increase insulin sensitivity (2) . Wholemeal bread has been considered a healthy food due to its high fibre content (3) . This study aimed to compare the postprandial glycaemic response after wholemeal bread meal consumption among healthy young adults of Asian and Caucasian ethnicities.…”