Green Urine in Traditional Persian Medicine

Kolouri, Sepideh; Daneshfard, Babak; Jaladat, Amir Mohammad; Tafazoli, Vahid

doi:10.1177/2156587216641828

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Blue urine is uncommon with methylene blue because it combines with urochrome to create a green color [7]. Finally, Hartnup disease and urinary tract infections caused by Pseudomonas species [7] and some traditional Persian medicines [87] have Data are presented as frequency (with percentage) or as median and interquartile range. *3-6 h, N = 6; ≥7 h, N = 5. a Methylene blue [17], N = 1; methylene blue and metoclopramide [18], N = 1. b The administration of propofol was continued for ≤2 h (N = 2), 24-64 h (N = 6), and approximately 300 h (N = 1) in 9 cases [2,13,19,25,26,29,30,40,44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blue urine is uncommon with methylene blue because it combines with urochrome to create a green color [7]. Finally, Hartnup disease and urinary tract infections caused by Pseudomonas species [7] and some traditional Persian medicines [87] have also been linked with this phenomenon. This review indicates that the green urine discoloration induced by propofol may occur from a few hours to a few days after its administration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Propofol-Associated Urine Discoloration: Systematic Literature Review

Lasica,

Cortesi,

Milani

et al. 2023

Pharmacology

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Introduction: Propofol occasionally induces a green or pink-cloudy urine discoloration. A lesser-known effect is green discoloration of hair, milk, liver, or stool. We aimed to gain insight into the features of these disturbances. Methods: The terms (“propofol” OR “fospropofol”) AND (“green” OR “pink” OR “cloudy” OR “pink-cloudy”) were searched in Excerpta Medica, MEDLINE/PubMed®, and Web of Sciences databases, with no language limit, from inception up to February 2023 (CRD4202236804). Articles reporting individually documented cases were retained, and data were extracted using a checklist. Results: Seventy-seven original reports documented 95 cases (including 13 subjects ≤18 years of age). Completeness of reporting was satisfactory in 33, good in 35, and excellent in 27 cases. Propofol-associated green urine discoloration was observed in 54 patients. In most instances (n = 21, 39%), propofol was given for ≥24 h. Sometimes, however, the urine discoloration developed after propofol for ≤3 h (n = 12, 22%). Propofol-associated urine discoloration was usually observed during the administration of this agent, but it was at times (n = 11) first recognized ≥3 h after propofol discontinuation. The duration of green urine discoloration was usually ≤24 h after stopping propofol. Propofol-associated green urine discoloration was never associated with worsening kidney function. A pink-cloudy urine discoloration was observed in 32 subjects with an acidic urine pH and increased uric acid excretion given propofol for ≤24 h. A stage I acute kidney injury was observed in 2 cases (6.3%) of propofol-associated pink-cloudy urine discoloration. Nine cases of non-urinary green discoloration were observed: hair (n = 4), breast milk (n = 1), liver (n = 1), stool (n = 1). Conclusion: Propofol is sometimes associated with a green (benign) or pink-cloudy (occasionally associated with mild acute kidney injury) urine discoloration. Rarely, non-urinary green discoloration has been reported.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blue urine is uncommon with methylene blue because it combines with urochrome to create a green color [7]. Finally, Hartnup disease and urinary tract infections caused by Pseudomonas species [7] and some traditional Persian medicines [87] have also been linked with this phenomenon. This review indicates that the green urine discoloration induced by propofol may occur from a few hours to a few days after its administration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Propofol-Associated Urine Discoloration: Systematic Literature Review

Lasica,

Cortesi,

Milani

et al. 2023

Pharmacology

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“…Greenish urine is not a pathognomonic side effect of flupirtine and has been described in cases of consumption or intoxication by some drugs and dyes; it is also a characteristic of some diseases (Table 4) [8][9][10][11]. In the Middle Ages, greenish urine was associated with a choleric personality, and in some traditional medicines, namely Persian, it is associated with the dominance of coldness in the body as a result of humoral imbalance and fluid depletion [8,12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hulk-Like Urine: A Case of Green Urine Caused by Flupirtine Intoxication

Vilela¹,

Fernandes²,

Salazar³

et al. 2020

Cureus

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Acute intoxications are common causes of admission to the Emergency Department (ED). Flupirtine is a non-opioid analgesic, originally used for acute and chronic pain. Because of several reports of severe liver toxicity, its use was limited to acute pain in 2013 by the European Medicines Agency. Although withdrawn from the European market in March 2018, there are still flupirtine tablets in many households, and most people are unaware of the hazards they might be facing.A 58-year-old man was admitted to the ED after a suicide attempt with 1 g of flupirtine. He was lethargic and confused but presented no focal neurological deficits or other symptoms, and the rest of his clinical examination was unremarkable. His cerebral CAT and blood chemistry showed no alterations. The only remarkable feature was that he had green urine. After a careful literature search, a similar case was found caused by flupirtine intoxication. After 24 hours of vigilance in the ED, he improved his neurological status and his urine lost part of its greenish color. He was then transferred to the Psychiatric Department, where he presented a complete remission of the clinical alterations. A follow-up check-up showed no permanent deficits.

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“…In healthy people, urine is poor in the nutrients such as proteins and carbohydrates, that necessary for bacterial growth, but it is contain various soluble salts. In addition, native urine is a multicomponent system, which may contain some hormones such as estradiol [17], adrenalin [18] and drug metabolites [19]. The urine of each patient is an individual mixture of salts and metabolic products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of pH, Norepinephrine and Glucose on Metabolic and Biofilm Activity of Uropathogenic Microorganisms

et al. 2023

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Urinary tract infection (UTIs) aremainly caused by a number of anatomical and physiological dysfunctions, but there are also some iatrogenic factors, including the use of certain medications, that contribute to the development of UTIs. The virulence of bacteria that colonize the urinary tract may be modified by pH and by the presence of soluble substances in urine, such as norepinephrine (NE) and glucose. In this work, we studied the influence of NE and glucose across a range of pHs (5, 7, 8) on the biomass, matrix production and metabolism of uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. We used Congo red and gentian violet to stain the extracellular matrix and biomass, respectively, of biofilms. The optical density of staining of the biofilms was measured using a multichannel spectrophotometer. The metabolic activity was analyzed by MTT assay. It was shown that NE and glucose stimulate biomass production both in the Gram-negative and Gram-positive uropathogens. The metabolic activity in the presence of glucose was higher at pH 5 for E. coli (in 4.0 ± 0.1 times), Ps. aeruginosa (in 8.2 ± 0.2 times) and Kl. pneumoniae (in 4.1 ± 0.2 times). Matrix production of Kl. pneumoniae increased under NE (in 8.2 ± 0.2 times) and in the presence of glucose (in 1.5 ± 0.3 times). Thus, NE and glucose in urine may lead to persistent UTI under patient stress and in the case of metabolic glucose disorders.

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Green Urine in Traditional Persian Medicine

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Propofol-Associated Urine Discoloration: Systematic Literature Review

Propofol-Associated Urine Discoloration: Systematic Literature Review

Hulk-Like Urine: A Case of Green Urine Caused by Flupirtine Intoxication

Effect of pH, Norepinephrine and Glucose on Metabolic and Biofilm Activity of Uropathogenic Microorganisms

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