Greener, Safer, and Sustainable Batteries: An Insight into Aqueous Electrolytes for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Rechargeable Na-ion battery technology has successfully emerged as a replacement to the current Li-ion battery technology, especially in large-scale storage applications. Aqueous electrolytes in rechargeable Na-ion batteries have attracted extensive research due to its safety, low cost, and ecofriendliness, making a greener, safer, and sustainable solution for energy storage applications. One of the significant shortcomings for aqueous electrolytes for practical applications is the narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW) of the electrolyte and the chemical/structural stability of the electrodes in this ESW. This review focuses on and emphasizes the research developments using various electrolytic salts to maximize the voltage stability window and to arrest the loss of active materials in aqueous electrolytes.

High‐Performant All‐Organic Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Batteries Enabled by PTCDA Electrodes and a Hybrid Na/Mg Electrolyte

“…[ 15 , 16 , 17 ] If realised, however, an aqueous sodium‐ion battery (ASIB) would bring low cost, eco‐friendliness, high rate ability, improved safety, and be very suited for large‐scale storage applications. [18] Thus, this is a most promising path to explore.…”

“…1.2 mPa s), low inherent materials cost, high safety and compatibility towards many electrode materials. [18] The anodes have almost without exception been based on NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 as active material ever since its introduction in 2011. [19] Mainly due to its high capacity (120 mAh g −1 ) and low electrochemical potential (−0.9 V vs. Ag/AgCl), it is still the state‐of‐the‐art ASIB anode, while further advances have been relatively scarce.…”

High‐Performant All‐Organic Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Batteries Enabled by PTCDA Electrodes and a Hybrid Na/Mg Electrolyte

“…[15][16][17] If realised, however, an aqueous sodium-ion battery (ASIB) would bring low cost, eco-friendliness,h igh rate ability, improved safety,a nd be very suited for large-scale storage applications. [18] Thus,this is amost promising path to explore.…”

“…1.2 mPa s), low inherent materials cost, high safety and compatibility towards many electrode materials. [18] Thea nodes have almost without exception been based on NaTi 2 -(PO 4 ) 3 as active material ever since its introduction in 2011. [19] Mainly due to its high capacity (120 mAh g À1 )a nd low electrochemical potential (À0.9 Vv s. Ag/AgCl), it is still the state-of-the-art ASIB anode,w hile further advances have been relatively scarce.…”

“…So far many SIB electrodes fail to deliver their redox capacities with, or they detrimentally dissolve into, aqueous electrolytes [15–17] . If realised, however, an aqueous sodium‐ion battery (ASIB) would bring low cost, eco‐friendliness, high rate ability, improved safety, and be very suited for large‐scale storage applications [18] . Thus, this is a most promising path to explore.…”