Greenhouse Gas Emission from Rice field in Indonesia: Challenge for future research and development

Abstract

Rice is an essential crop in Indonesia. Any aspects of rice to increase productivity have been well studied and documented; however, there are still lacking well-documented studies on its environmental aspects, including climate change. Many researches might already be conducted, but only a few have been published in a peer-reviewed journal. There is still a lack of robust data on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the rice field in Indonesia, factors affecting and the technology on how to reduce it. From the reviewed publications, it was found out that research only conducted under a controlled environmental setting. More research on understanding the controlling factors (e.g., water management, rice cultivar, soil types, and fertilizer) of GHG emission from rice field is still needed. The result will introduce a sustainable farming practice, with low in GHG emissions, high in productivity, simple to apply and generate more income to farmers. This review has identified the gaps for future research and development in Indonesia. The research should meet the need, either national or global strategies. Development of a new farming practice will succeed in the presence of government policies. Therefore an intensive interdisciplinary approach between researcher and other stakeholders should be conducted.

The impact of oil palm and paddy production on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Indonesia’s agricultural sector

“…The loss of CO2 will result from applying urea fertilizer to the soil. In the presence of water and the enzyme urease, urea (CO(NH2)2) is transformed into ammonium (NH4+), hydroxyl ions (OH-), and bicarbonate (HCO3-), ultimately yielding CO2 and water (H2O) [26,27]. Using urea fertilizer on agricultural land contributes to GHG emissions of 3,589.00 Gg CO2e, or 3.64% of the total agricultural sector's GHG emissions in 2020 [2].…”

“…N2O emissions provide the largest contribution from each category of sources of GHG emissions in the agricultural sector. Furthermore, the anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in flooded rice cultivations produces methane (CH4), which is eventually released into the atmosphere and impacts increasing GHG emissions [2,27]. CH4 emissions in rice cultivation depend on soil type, temperature, and paddy varieties [27].…”

“…Furthermore, the anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in flooded rice cultivations produces methane (CH4), which is eventually released into the atmosphere and impacts increasing GHG emissions [2,27]. CH4 emissions in rice cultivation depend on soil type, temperature, and paddy varieties [27]. The Inpari 19 paddy variety released the lowest GHG emissions, namely 3.60t CO2, compared to other paddy varieties such as Ciherang, Cibogo, Cigeulis, Hipa Jatim 2, Hipa 18, and Inpari 20 [25].…”

Estimation of greenhouse gases in rice fields and plantations in Teluk Bintuni Regency, West Papua

“…One of the causes of methane gas emissions in agricultural activities is the decomposition without oxygen on organic matter through methanogenic bacteria [9,10]. This increase in GHG is the main source of causes of climate changes process and global warming production [11,12,13,14,15,16].…”

Estimates of methane and nitrous oxide emission from a rice field in Central Java, Indonesia, based on the DeNitrification DeComposition model

“…Indonesia is the third largest rice producer in the world and the world's largest rice consumer. The total area of rice fields reached around 13.8 million ha in 2016 (BPS, 2021), with Java being the second largest rice field area in Indonesia, which contributes to national rice productivity (Susilawati et al, 2015) and contributes to the average emission from rice fields in Indonesia of 0.18 t CH4 ha −1 , with Java 1,146 Gg CH4 yr −1 , 691 Gg CH4 yr −1 for Sumatra, 324 Gg CH4 yr −1 for Sulawesi, 206 Gg CH4 yr −1 for Kalimantan, 103 Gg CH4 yr −1 for Nusa Tenggara, 25 Gg CH4 yr −1 for Bali, and 10 Gg CH4 yr −1 for Papua (Ariani et al, 2021). These CH4 emission values are based on field measurements without studies of specific duration that are not well documented in peer-reviewed publications (Ariani et al, 2021).…”