Greenhouse gas emission from rice fields: a review from Indian context

A large amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is required for paddy cultivation, but nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in paddy farming is low (20–40%). Much of the unutilized N potentially degrades the quality of soil, water, and air and disintegrates the functions of different ecosystems. It is a great challenge to increase NUE and sustain rice production to meet the food demand of the growing population. This review attempted to find out promising N management practices that might increase NUE while reducing the trade-off between rice production and environmental pollution. We collected and collated information on N management practices and associated barriers. A set of existing soil, crop, and fertilizer management strategies can be suggested for increasing NUE, which, however, might not be capable to halve N waste by 2030 as stated in the “Colombo Declaration” by the United Nations Environment Program. Therefore, more efficient N management tools are yet to be developed through research and extension. Awareness-raising campaign among farmers is a must against their misunderstanding that higher N fertilizer provides higher yields. The findings might help policymakers to formulate suitable policies regarding eco-friendly N management strategies for wetland paddy cultivation and ensure better utilization of costly N fertilizer.

Section: Reducing N Loss With Conservation Tillagementioning

confidence: 99%

Environment-friendly nitrogen management practices in wetland paddy cultivation

Alam

Khanam²,

Rahman³

2023

“…Carbon dioxide emissions are influenced by the crop residue and litter content, root activities, and microbial processes because the soil carbon pool is converted into CO 2 by the action of soil microorganisms. In the availability of water and urease enzymes, urea fertilizer applied in the fields converted to NH + 4 , OH-, and HCO 3 , and this bicarbonate finally evolves into CO 2 and water (Hussain et al, 2015;Gupta et al, 2021).…”

Section: E Ects Of Crop Management Practices and Nitrogen Rates On Ca...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paddy rice contributes 9-11% of the agricultural GHG emissions (IPCC, 2014a). Methane accounts for about 30% of the total global anthropogenic emissions (Gupta et al, 2021;Saunois et al, 2020). Eleven percent of global agricultural nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions come from rice fields (IPCC, 2007;Win et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greenhouse gas emissions in irrigated paddy rice as influenced by crop management practices and nitrogen fertilization rates in eastern Tanzania

Mboyerwa

Kibret

Mtakwa

et al. 2022

In rice production greenhouse gas emission (GHG) reduction is an important task for many countries, Tanzania included. Of global agricultural GHG emitted from rice fields, about 30 and 11% are represented by CH4 and N2O, respectively. For successful climate smart rice cultivation, rice management practices, including nitrogen fertilization are two key crucial components that need evaluation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the crop management practices and N fertilization on yield and greenhouse gases emission in paddy rice production, Experiments were designed in split-plot randomized complete block and replicated three times. Two rice management practices namely conventional practice (CP) and system of rice intensification (SRI) and six rates of nitrogen fertilizer (absolute control, 0, 60, 90,120 and 150 kg N ha−1) were applied in two consecutive seasons. The Source-selective and Emission-adjusted GHG CalculaTOR for Cropland (SECTOR) was used to calculate the GHG emission. Methane emission was in the range of 88.7–220.6 kg ha−1season−1, where higher emission was recorded in CP treatments (ABC, CP 0 and CP 120N) compared to SRI treatments. SRI reduced methane and carbon dioxide emission by 59.8% and 20.1% over CP, respectively. Seasonal nitrous oxide emissions was in the range of no detected amount to 0.0002 kgN2O ha−1 where SRI treatments recorded up to 0.0002 kgN2O ha−1 emissions while in CP treatment no amount of N2O was detected. The interaction of system of rice intensification and 90 kg N ha−1 (SRI90N) treatment recorded higher grains yield (8.1, 7.7 t ha−1) with low seasonal global warming potential (GWP) (3,478 and 3,517 kg CO2e ha−1) and low greenhouse gas intensity (0.42, 0.45 kg CO2e per kg paddy) compared to other treatments in wet and dry season, respectively. Therefore, SRI with 90 kg N was the treatment with mitigation potential and reduced GWP without compromising rice yield.

“…Sago can be reharvested from the same clump after 2-3 years (Novarianto et al, 2020). From this viewpoint, the dietary transition that moves away from sago toward rice will worsen the impact of climate change; hence, it is not environmentally sustainable (Gupta et al, 2021). Studies on the sustainability aspect of Indonesian diets have suggested a cut in rice and sugar consumption.…”

Section: Sustainabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a Sustainable Food System in West Papua, Indonesia: Exploring the Links Between Dietary Transition, Food Security, and Forests

Nurhasan

Maulana

Ariesta

et al. 2022

Natural tropical forests cover 89% of the land area of West Papua Province, Indonesia. Forests have traditionally been an important part of local food systems for Indigenous Papuans. Despite the contribution of forests to food security, West Papua has been ranked as one of the most food-insecure provinces in Indonesia, with high rates of both under-and-overnutrition. This paper aims to discuss the dietary transition taking place in West Papua and uses local perspectives to explore the link between changes in diets, food security, and forests. We used mixed methods with a triangulation design to corroborate the quantitative data that we present from two rounds of the National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) on food consumption for West Papua from 2008 and 2017, with information from four focus group discussions with institutional and local stakeholders. The quantitative analysis showed that West Papua is experiencing a dietary transition, moving away from the consumption of traditional foods, such as sago, tubers, wild meat, and fresh legumes, toward diets with more rice, chicken, tofu, and tempeh. The consumption of processed and ultra-processed food (UPF) has increased while the consumption of fresh food has decreased. The qualitative analysis confirmed these findings. The institutional stakeholders expressed a desire for Papuans to return to eating traditional diets for better food security, whereas the local stakeholders worried about their children's high consumption of UPFs. We also found a disconnect between how food security is measured by the national Food Security Index (FSI) and the point of view of the institutional stakeholders. While the FSI indicators are more infrastructure-related measures, the institutional stakeholders link food security with the availability, accessibility, stability, and sustainability of the food sources in their surrounding environment, especially the forests. The institutional stakeholders support the commitment of the provincial government to maintain at least 70% of the forest cover in West Papua, as stated in the Manokwari Declaration although they expressed the need for more clarity on how this will impact their food security. The Indonesian government and the international community should support this initiative and carry it out with substantial input from local Papuan stakeholders.