Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Global Cities

Kennedy, Christopher; Steinberger, J.; Gasson, Barrie; Hansen, Yvonne; Hillman, Timothy; Havranek, Miroslav; Pataki, Diane E.; Phdungsilp, Aumnad; Ramaswami, A.; Villalba, Gara

doi:10.1021/es900213p

Cited by 601 publications

(300 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Source: , calculations (personal communication) adapted by Christopher Kennedy, March 2012, using methodology from Kennedy C. et al (2009), "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Global Cities", Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 43, No.…”

Section: Greenhouse Gas Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia

2016

OECD Green Growth Studies

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Section: Greenhouse Gas Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia

2016

OECD Green Growth Studies

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“…In more recent years, cities have actively engaged in the UN climate negotiations, asking for and committing to greenhouse gas mitigation targets [2,4,5]. At the same time, cities are facing many challenges, such as urban sprawl [6,7], limiting greenhouse gas emissions [8,9], satisfactory and sustainable water supply, adequate waste management and improved human health [6,10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying the SDGs to cities: business as usual or new dawn?

Zinkernagel¹,

Evans²,

Neij³

2018

Preprint

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With growing urbanisation the sustainability of cities has become increasingly important. Although cities have been using indicators for a long time it is only in the last decades that attempts have been made to collate indicators into indicator sets with the aim of reflecting the many different aspects that need to be covered to assess the sustainability of a city. The aim of this paper is to review how indicators for monitoring sustainable urban development have evolved over time and compare them to the indicators suggested by the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The review reveals that previous indicator sets emphasised environmental sustainability, health and economic growth. It is also shown that indicator sets that pre-date the SDGs lacked dimensions such as gender equality and reduced inequalities. In all, the SDG indicators provide the possibility of a more balanced and integrated approach to urban sustainability monitoring. At the same time, a methodology is needed to facilitate the adaptation process of localising the SDGS, targets and indicators. Challenges of local application include their large number, their generic characteristics and the need to complement them with specific indicators that are more relevant at the city level.

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“…Within cities, the major sources of CO 2 are the combustion of fossil fuels for heating, ventilation, and cooling systems (HVAC), transportation, industrial processes, and power generation (Kennedy et al, 2009). These fossil fuel emissions are combined with CO 2 emitted from biological sources, namely soil, plant, and human respiration, and in part taken up by photosynthesis of urban vegetation (Christen et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mobile sensor network to map carbon dioxide emissions in urban environments

et al. 2017

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Abstract. A method for directly measuring carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions using a mobile sensor network in cities at fine spatial resolution was developed and tested. First, a compact, mobile system was built using an infrared gas analyzer combined with open-source hardware to control, georeference, and log measurements of CO 2 mixing ratios on vehicles (car, bicycles). Second, two measurement campaigns, one in summer and one in winter (heating season) were carried out. Five mobile sensors were deployed within a 1 × 12.7 km transect across the city of Vancouver, BC, Canada. The sensors were operated for 3.5 h on pre-defined routes to map CO 2 mixing ratios at street level, which were then averaged to 100 × 100 m grid cells. The averaged CO 2 mixing ratios of all grids in the study area were 417.9 ppm in summer and 442.5 ppm in winter. In both campaigns, mixing ratios were highest in the grid cells of the downtown core and along arterial roads and lowest in parks and well vegetated residential areas. Third, an aerodynamic resistance approach to calculating emissions was used to derive CO 2 emissions from the gridded CO 2 mixing ratio measurements in conjunction with mixing ratios and fluxes collected from a 28 m tall eddycovariance tower located within the study area. These measured emissions showed a range of −12 to 226 CO 2 ha −1 h −1 in summer and of −14 to 163 kg CO 2 ha −1 h −1 in winter, with an average of 35.1 kg CO 2 ha −1 h −1 (summer) and 25.9 kg CO 2 ha −1 h −1 (winter). Fourth, an independent emissions inventory was developed for the study area using buildings energy simulations from a previous study and routinely available traffic counts. The emissions inventory for the same area averaged to 22.06 kg CO 2 ha −1 h −1 (summer) and 28.76 kg CO 2 ha −1 h −1 (winter) and was used to compare against the measured emissions from the mobile sensor network. The comparison on a grid-by-grid basis showed linearity between CO 2 mixing ratios and the emissions inventory (R 2 = 0.53 in summer and R 2 = 0.47 in winter). Also, 87 % (summer) and 94 % (winter) of measured grid cells show a difference within ±1 order of magnitude, and 49 % (summer) and 69 % (winter) show an error of less than a factor 2. Although associated with considerable errors at the individual grid cell level, the study demonstrates a promising method of using a network of mobile sensors and an aerodynamic resistance approach to rapidly map greenhouse gases at high spatial resolution across cities. The method could be improved by longer measurements and a refined calculation of the aerodynamic resistance.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Global Cities

Cited by 601 publications

References 18 publications

Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia

Urban Green Growth in Dynamic Asia

Applying the SDGs to cities: business as usual or new dawn?

A mobile sensor network to map carbon dioxide emissions in urban environments

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