Gregarious Settlement by the Larvae of Hydroides dianthus (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)

Scheltema, RS; Williams, I. P.; Shaw, MA; Loudon, C

doi:10.3354/meps005069

Cited by 61 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…Jackson 1977b, Scheltema et al 1981, Schmidt 1983 (Keough 1984). There are other examples in which solitary animals have been shown to be superior interference spatial competitors: Castric (1974) reported that Pomatoceros triqueterwas capable of overgrowing thinly encrusting bryozoans, and E. Voigt (pers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality and avoidance of competitive overgrowth in encrusting Bryozoa

Rubin¹

1985

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Forty-five species of sessile animals, including 32 species of cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoans, settled on experimental panels over a 1 yr period. Colonies were readily overgrown by tubes of the serpulid Pomatoceros triqueter (L.) which became the dominant species on the panel community. However, a number of bryozoan species avoided competitive exclusion by settling preferentially or by growlng epizoically onto the tubes which were, therefore, acting as spatial refuges from overgrowth by the serpulid. Since bryozoans are inferior interference spatial competitors but are known to have greater longevity than P. triqueter, vegetative growth of the surviving colonies and subsequent pre-emptive exploitative competition are probably the main processes which give rise to the replacement of the serpulid to produce the bryozoan-dominated communities on nearby boulders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality and avoidance of competitive overgrowth in encrusting Bryozoa

Rubin¹

1985

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Settlement occurs only on biofilmed surfaces, but gregarious settlement additionally requires the presence of water-soluble chemical cues associated with bodies of live conspecifics (Toonen 1993, Toonen & Pawlik 1996. Larvae are approximately 300 µm long at competency, and undergo rapid and obvious morphological changes during metamorphosis that distinguish settled individuals from attached larvae (Scheltema et al 1981, Carpizo-Ituarte & Hadfield 1998.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We address several questions in this manuscript. First, although H. dianthus has been shown to exhibit gregarious settlement in the laboratory (Scheltema et al 1981, Toonen & Pawlik 1996, is this species actually aggregated in the field? This is an important point to consider, because patterns of gregarious larval settlement in the laboratory are likely to have little biological relevance if conspecifics do not show an aggregated dispersion in the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Females release an average of 30 000 ova, and males an average of 6 × 10 7 sperm per spawn (Zuraw & Leone 1972). Trochophore larvae begin feeding 18 to 24 h after fertilization, and become competent to settle after about 5 d at 23°C (Scheltema et al 1981). Settlement occurs only on biofilmed surfaces, but gregarious settlement additionally requires the presence of water-soluble chemical cues associated with bodies of live conspecifics (Toonen 1993, Toonen & Pawlik 1996.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Settlement of the gregarious tube worm Hydroides dianthus (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). I. Gregarious and nongregarious settlement

Toonen¹,

Pawlik²

2001

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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We conducted still-water time-course experiments on cultured larvae of the serpulid polychaete Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873) to examine timing and patterns of gregarious and nongregarious settlement to better understand the conditions under which larvae of a gregarious species colonize new habitats. We first confirmed that these worms are aggregated in the field, and quantified patterns of association with a number of other common intertidal species. Patterns of negative association with spatial competitors is unlikely to have resulted from larval avoidance during settlement, because we found no difference in larval settlement in response to conspecifics with or without the solitary tunicate Ascidia interrupta present. We then examined the settlement of competent larvae in response to biofilm and conspecifics to determine the conditions under which the larvae of this gregarious species settle nongregariously. Larvae settled concurrently in response to both biofilm and conspecifics, starting approximately 4 d after fertilization, and response was of similar magnitude to both biofilm and to conspecifics for the first couple of days post-competency. While settlement in response to conspecifics continued in subsequent assays carried out over 70 d (at which time larvae began to die in culture), settlement in response to biofilm decreased abruptly after the peak, and ceased by Day 14. Settlement patterns were qualitatively similar regardless of previous exposure to substrata; similar results were obtained whether the whole population of larvae in culture was denied access to or daily provided access to 1 or both experimental substrata. Furthermore, these patterns of settlement did not change as larval planktonic period was prolonged. Of larvae settling during 24 h sample assays, the majority of larvae metamorphosed in response to biofilm during the first 6 h, whereas metamorphosis in the final 6 h (between 18 and 24 h) of the assays was primarily in response to conspecifics. These results are opposite to the pattern predicted by the desperate larva hypothesis, because some larvae settled in response to biofilm even after rejecting conspecifics the previous day. In fact, cultures of competent larvae appear to become more specific in terms of larval settlement in response to live adult conspecifics as the planktonic period is artificially prolonged.

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“…First, multiple taxa may respond to conspecific cues. For example, 4 gregariousness has been reported for some taxa (oysters, Crisp, 1967;Bayne, 1969;polychaetes, 5 Knight-Jones, 1951;Scheltema et al, 1981). Second, larval settlement behavior may mediate the 6 distribution and timing of settlement.…”

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confidence: 99%

Causes of decoupling between larval supply and settlement and consequences for understanding recruitment and population connectivity

Pineda

Porri

Starczak

et al. 2010

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

185

100

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Marine broadcast spawners have two-phase life cycles, with pelagic larvae and benthic adults. 2 Larval supply and settlement link these two phases and are crucial for the persistence of marine 3 populations. Mainly due to the complexity in sampling larval supply accurately, many 4 researchers use settlement as a proxy for larval supply. Larval supply is a constraining variable 5 for settlement because, without larval supply, there is no settlement. Larval supply and 6 settlement may not be well correlated, however, and settlement may not consistently estimate 7 larval supply. 8This paper explores the argument that larval supply (i.e., larval abundance near settlement sites) 9 may not relate linearly to settlement. We review the relationship between larval supply and 10 settlement, from estimates and biases in larval supply sampling, to non-behavioral and 11 behavioral components, including small-scale hydrodynamics, competency, gregarious behavior, 12 intensification of settlement, lunar periodicity, predation and cannibalism. Physical and structural 13 processes coupled with behavior, such as small-scale hydrodynamics and intensification of 14 settlement, sometimes result in under-or overestimation of larval supply, where it is predicted 15 from a linear relationship with settlement. Although settlement is a function of larval supply, 16 spatial and temporal processes interact with larval behavior to distort the relationship between 17 larval supply and settlement, and when these distortions act consistently in time and space, they 18 cause biased estimates of larval supply from settlement data. 19Most of the examples discussed here suggest that behavior is the main source of the decoupling 20 between larval supply and settlement because larval behavior affects the vertical distribution of 21 3 larvae, the response of larvae to hydrodynamics, intensification of settlement, gregariousness, 1 predation and cannibalism. Thus, larval behavior seems to limit broad generalizations on the 2 regulation of settlement by larval supply. Knowledge of the relationship is further hindered by 3 the lack of a well founded theoretical relationship between the two variables. 4The larval supply-settlement transition may have strong general consequences for population 5 connectivity, since larval supply is a result of larval transport, and settlement constrains 6 recruitment. Thus, measuring larval supply and settlement effectively allows more accurate 7 quantification and understanding of larval transport, recruitment and population connectivity. 8 9 4

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Gregarious Settlement by the Larvae of Hydroides dianthus (Polychaeta: Serpulidae)

Cited by 61 publications

References 4 publications

Mortality and avoidance of competitive overgrowth in encrusting Bryozoa

Mortality and avoidance of competitive overgrowth in encrusting Bryozoa

Settlement of the gregarious tube worm Hydroides dianthus (Polychaeta: Serpulidae). I. Gregarious and nongregarious settlement

Causes of decoupling between larval supply and settlement and consequences for understanding recruitment and population connectivity

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