Greywater reuse systems for toilet flushing in multi-storey buildings – over ten years experience in Berlin

Nolde, Erwin

doi:10.1016/s1462-0758(00)00023-6

Cited by 298 publications

(165 citation statements)

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“…A selection of greywater reuse scenario analyses are presented below which have been based on typical reuse scenarios found in the literature (Christova-Boal et al, 1996 andDixon et al, 1999;Nolde et al, 1999;Friedler, 2004, Andersson and Dalsgaard, 2004, Pidou et al, 2007and Li et al, 2009). In the associated calculations 100% implementation of the specified treatment and reuse technology has been assumed.…”

Section: Scenario Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…have fully described the structure of a greywater treatment system incorporating a three stage RBC. Total N (mg l − 1 ) 3.6-17 6-21 40-74 0.6-11 Total P (mg l − 1 ) 0.1-> 49 0.1-> 101 68-74 0.6-> 68 a Bathroom: Almeida et al, 1999, Burrows et al, 1991, Christova-Boal et al, 1996, Laak, 1974, Ledin et al, 2006, Nolde, 1999, Rose et al, 1991, Siegrist et al, 1976and Surendran and Wheatley, 1998 Laundry: Almeida et al, 1999, Christova-Boal et al, 1996, Laak, 1974, Siegrist et al, 1976and Surendran and Wheatley, 1998 c Kitchen: Almeida et al, 1999, Günther, 2000, Laak, 1974, Siegrist et al, 1976and Surendran and Wheatley, 1998 Mixed: Palmquist and Hanaeus, 2005, Casanova et al, 2001, Gerba et al, 1995, Hypes, 1974, Santala et al, 1998, Rose et al, 1991and Jeppesen, 1993 Greywater treatment and reuse offers the potential to substantially reduce domestic potable water demand, but care must be taken to ensure this is achieved without detriment to public health and the environment. To date, most studies investigating greywater reuse and associated risks have focussed on conventional water quality monitoring parameters such as those in Table 1 (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems

Donner¹,

Eriksson²,

Revitt³

et al. 2010

Science of The Total Environment

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A wide range of household sources may potentially contribute to contaminant loads in domestic greywater. The ability of greywater treatment systems to act as emission control barriers for household micropollutants, thereby providing environmental benefits in addition to potable water savings, have not been fully explored. This paper investigates the sources, presence and potential fate of a selection of xenobiotic micropollutants in on-site greywater treatment systems. All of the investigated compounds are listed under the European Water Framework Directive as either "Priority Substances" (PS) or "Priority Hazardous Substances" (PHS). Significant knowledge gaps are identified. A wide range of potential treatment trains are available for greywater treatment and reuse but treatment efficiency data for priority substances and other micropollutants is very limited. Geochemical modelling indicates that PS/PHS removal during treatment is likely to be predominantly due to sludge/solid phase adsorption, with only minor contributions to the water phase. Many PS/PHS are resistant to biodegradation and as the majority of automated greywater treatment plants periodically discharge sludge to the municipal sewerage system, greywater treatment is unlikely to act as a comprehensive PS/PHS emission barrier. Hence, it is important to ensure that other source control options (e.g. eco-labeling, substance substitution, and regulatory controls) for household items continue to be pursued, in order that PS/PHS emissions from these sources are effectively reduced and/or phased out as required under the demands of the European Water Framework Directive.

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Section: Scenario Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems

Donner¹,

Eriksson²,

Revitt³

et al. 2010

Science of The Total Environment

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“…There is some research on the quality of greywater and its variation by source (Tables 1 and 2) and within source type (Matos, 2009;Matos et al, 2010). For instance, literature reports important differences for washing machines between the effluents of different cycles and the same can be expected from dishwashers (Rose et al, 1991;Burrows et al, 1991;ChristovaBoal et al, 1996;Surendan& Wheatley, 1998;Shin et al, 1998;Nolde, 1999;Eriksson et al, 2002;Friedler, 2004 49-69 (4) 102* (2) 50-210 (1) 108 (2) 14-296 (3) Total solids (mg/L) 631 (2) 777-1090 (5) 250 (6) 558 (2) 835 (5) 1272-2410 (5) 2410 (6) 658 ( 459-670 (5) 670 (6) 97-106 (5) 69-170 (6) 97 (7) 10-424 (5) 370 (6) pH 6.4-8.1 (1) 7.1 (5) 7.6 (2) 6.7-7.4 (4,5) 8.1 (2) 7.0-8.1 (5) 6.5 (5) 6.3-7.4 (8) 9.3-10. Christova-Boal et al (1996); (2) Surendran& Wheatley (1998); (3) Rose et al (1991); (4) Burrows et al (1991); (5) Friedler (2004); (6) Siegrist et al (1976); (7) Almeida et al (1999); (8) Shin et al (1998);(9) Nolde (1999); (10) Laak (1974) ; (11) …”

Section: Greywater Characteristics 211 Quality Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greywater Use in Irrigation: Characteristics, Advantages and Concerns

Matos¹,

Sampaio²,

Bentes³

2012

Irrigation - Water Management, Pollution and Alternative Strategies

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“…Hence the appropriate use of greywater depends on both the source of greywater and the level of treatment [11]. Among the various uses, use of greywater reuse for toilet flushing has been reported to be without a health risk if treated prior to reuse [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of the Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Greywater from Water Deficient Households in Homabay Town and Githurai Estates in Kenya

Nganga¹

2012

TOENVIEJ

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Greywater, the untreated household wastewater that has not been contaminated by toilet waste, has been touted as a reliable all year-round source of water, especially in water scarce areas. Although it is commonly reused in water scarce urban and peri-urban settlements in Kenya, information on its bacteriological and physico-chemical properties is generally limited. The present study sought to compare the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of kitchen and laundry greywater from an urban (Githurai) and peri-urban settlement (Homabay). Compared to the source water, kitchen and laundry greywater at the two sites had higher electrical conductivity (EC) and salinity, depressed dissolved oxygen (DO) levels and a wide pH range. Although significant differences in EC, DO and salinity of greywater from kitchen and laundry were noted (P < 0.05), the two sites differed significantly only in DO (P = 0.002). Total coliforms (TC) and fecal coliforms (FC) were also higher in greywater than in source water. The greywater types differed in TC (P = 0.003) while the two sites differed in both TC and FC (P 0.03). High loads of TC and FC suggest possible fecal contamination of greywater. This coupled with the occasional presence of Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio cholerae means that reuse of untreated greywater is not safe in both sites, and should be treated before use. Owing to the differences in the quality of the different types of greywater as well as the sites investigated, the design of greywater treatment technologies should consider both type and source.

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Greywater reuse systems for toilet flushing in multi-storey buildings – over ten years experience in Berlin

Cited by 298 publications

References 1 publication

Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems

Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems

Greywater Use in Irrigation: Characteristics, Advantages and Concerns

A Comparison of the Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Greywater from Water Deficient Households in Homabay Town and Githurai Estates in Kenya

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