Grid cells and cortical representation

Moser, Edvard I; Roudi, Yasser; Witter, Menno P.; Kentros, Clifford; Bonhoeffer, Tobias; Moser, May‐Britt

doi:10.1038/nrn3766

Cited by 290 publications

(229 citation statements)

References 226 publications

(330 reference statements)

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“…Nevertheless, our results corroborate evidence that a visually cued, active navigation task in a virtual reality environment provides sufficient input to the human EC to elicit spatially coherent localized activity, similar to the spatially coherent localized activity found before in humans (31) and rodents (10,38,48). This discovery is intriguing because it occurs despite the conflict between the patient's simulated self-motion and natural vestibular and proprioceptive signals, as well as an awareness of the patient's true location relative to the hospital.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Context-dependent spatially periodic activity in the human entorhinal cortex

Nádasdy

Nguyen

Török

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The spatially periodic activity of grid cells in the entorhinal cortex (EC) of the rodent, primate, and human provides a coordinate system that, together with the hippocampus, informs an individual of its location relative to the environment and encodes the memory of that location. Among the most defining features of grid-cell activity are the 60°rotational symmetry of grids and preservation of grid scale across environments. Grid cells, however, do display a limited degree of adaptation to environments. It remains unclear if this level of environment invariance generalizes to human grid-cell analogs, where the relative contribution of visual input to the multimodal sensory input of the EC is significantly larger than in rodents. Patients diagnosed with nontractable epilepsy who were implanted with entorhinal cortical electrodes performing virtual navigation tasks to memorized locations enabled us to investigate associations between grid-like patterns and environment. Here, we report that the activity of human entorhinal cortical neurons exhibits adaptive scaling in grid period, grid orientation, and rotational symmetry in close association with changes in environment size, shape, and visual cues, suggesting scale invariance of the frequency, rather than the wavelength, of spatially periodic activity. Our results demonstrate that neurons in the human EC represent space with an enhanced flexibility relative to neurons in rodents because they are endowed with adaptive scalability and context dependency.grid cell | spatial memory | entorhinal cortex | single unit | human

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Context-dependent spatially periodic activity in the human entorhinal cortex

Nádasdy

Nguyen

Török

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Although the roles of the mPFC and MEC in learning, memory, decision making, and spatial representation have been studied using electrophysiological methods (23)(24)(25)(26), cellular resolution optical access to these areas has been challenging because they are folded within the walls of fissures, and major regions are located beyond 500 μm deep below the dorsal brain surface. Existing in vivo two-photon imaging methods are more efficient in imaging superficial areas (<500 μm) because of scattering and out-of-plane fluorescence excitation (27)(28)(29)(30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular resolution optical access to brain regions in fissures: Imaging medial prefrontal cortex and grid cells in entorhinal cortex

Low

Tank

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

124

153

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In vivo two-photon microscopy provides the foundation for an array of powerful techniques for optically measuring and perturbing neural circuits. However, challenging tissue properties and geometry have prevented high-resolution optical access to regions situated within deep fissures. These regions include the medial prefrontal and medial entorhinal cortex (mPFC and MEC), which are of broad scientific and clinical interest. Here, we present a method for in vivo, subcellular resolution optical access to the mPFC and MEC using microprisms inserted into the fissures. We chronically imaged the mPFC and MEC in mice running on a spherical treadmill, using two-photon laser-scanning microscopy and genetically encoded calcium indicators to measure network activity. In the MEC, we imaged grid cells, a widely studied cell type essential to memory and spatial information processing. These cells exhibited spatially modulated activity during navigation in a virtual reality environment. This method should be extendable to other brain regions situated within deep fissures, and opens up these regions for study at cellular resolution in behaving animals using a rapidly expanding palette of optical tools for perturbing and measuring network structure and function.two-photon imaging | medial prefrontal cortex | medial entorhinal cortex | grid cell O ptical tools provide powerful means to measure and perturb the structure and function of neural circuits (1). However, a key set of brain regions remains outside the reach of cellularresolution optical methods: those situated within deep fissures. In the rodent brain, these areas include the medial prefrontal and medial entorhinal cortex (mPFC and MEC), two of the most widely studied regions supporting cognitive functions. The mPFC is centrally important to planning, executive function, learning, and memory (2, 3). Understanding how the mPFC implements these functions at a mechanistic, circuit level remains a longstanding goal of the field. The entorhinal cortex forms the interface between the neocortex and hippocampus and is believed to play an essential role in episodic memory and spatial information processing. These functions are particularly associated with MEC grid cells, which fire on a hexagonal lattice as an animal moves through an environment (4). Grid cells have galvanized a large body of work investigating their computational role and the mechanisms underlying grid formation, which remain important, open questions (4, 5). Moreover, mPFC or MEC dysfunction is associated with addiction, depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy.The study of the mPFC, MEC, and neighboring regions could be greatly advanced by in vivo, high-resolution optical tools. However, tissue properties and geometry present significant challenges to deploying these tools within deep fissures. For example, the depth of two-photon microscopy is limited by scattering and out-of-plane excitation (6). Access in the mammalian brain is therefore typically restricted to superficial regions (<500 ...

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“…15. Зависимость весов связей (synaptic weight) между нейронами от разности фаз (phase difference) их решеток в различных аттракторных моделях [7].…”

Section: фаза импульсаunclassified

How Animals Find Their Way in Space. Experiments and Modeling

Казанович¹,

Kazanovich²

2015

Math.Biol.Bioinf.

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Аннотация. Нобелевская премия по физиологии и медицине за 2014 год была присуждена Джону О'Кифу, Мэй-Бритт Мозер и Эдварду Мозеру за открытие клеток места и клеток решетки, являющихся важными компонентами нейронной системы ориентации млекопитающих в пространстве. Данный обзор посвящен объяснению сущности сделанных открытий и описанию основных свойств клеток места и клеток решетки. Будут также приведены примеры математических моделей ориентации, основанные на экспериментальных результатах, полученных нобелевскими лауреатами.Ключевые слова: система пространственной ориентации, гиппокамп, энторинальная кора, тета-ритм, фазовая прецессия, клетки места, клетки решетки.

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Grid cells and cortical representation

Cited by 290 publications

References 226 publications

Context-dependent spatially periodic activity in the human entorhinal cortex

Context-dependent spatially periodic activity in the human entorhinal cortex

Cellular resolution optical access to brain regions in fissures: Imaging medial prefrontal cortex and grid cells in entorhinal cortex

How Animals Find Their Way in Space. Experiments and Modeling

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