Grid-Forming Inverter-based Wind Turbine Generators: Comprehensive Review, Comparative Analysis, and Recommendations

Abstract

High penetration of wind power with conventional grid following controls for inverter-based wind turbine generators (WTGs) reduces grid inertia and weakens the power grid, challenging the power system stability. Grid-forming (GFM) controls are emerging technologies that can address such stability issues. Numerous methodologies of GFM inverters have been presented in literature; however, their applications for WTGs have not been thoroughly explored. As WTGs need to incorporate multiple control functions to operate reliably in different operational regions, the GFM control should be appropriately developed for the WTGs. This paper presents a review of GFM controls for WTGs, which covers the latest developments in GFM controls, including multi-loop and single-loop GFM, virtual synchronous machine-based GFM, and virtual inertia control-based GFM. A comparison study for these GFM-based WTGs is then illustrated. In addition, the challenges of applying these GFM controls to wind turbines are discussed, including the impact of DC-link voltage and the current saturation algorithm on the GFM control performance. Finally, recommendations and future developments of GFM-based wind turbines to increase the power system reliability are presented.

Grid‐forming control for inverter‐based resources in power systems: A review on its operation, system stability, and prospective

“…However, these services are not very effective through GFL for different reasons. Conversely, GFMs-based IBR has promising potential for allowing increased level integration into the grid as they can establish the frequency and voltage of the grid [99,105] its services, when deployed in PV systems, are summarized in Table 9 [40, 69,[106][107][108]. It is claimed that the GFM can outperform the GFL and SMs in short-term stability [109] and frequency stability dynamics [26].…”

Challenges and potential solutions of grid-forming converters applied to wind power generation system—An overview

“…The type-4 wind generator is usually equipped with a permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and a full-scale power converter. Although other types of generators, such as squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG) and would-rotor synchronous generator (WRSG), can also be used for the type-4 wind generation system, the PMSG-based wind generator is more popular (Nguyen et al, 2022). So, the PMSG-based type-4 wind generator is chosen as an example for analysis in this paper.…”

“…The main advantage of the grid-side dc-link voltage control scheme is that the typical machine-side control scheme can be inherited, which is a proven and mature method (Nguyen et al, 2022). However, the island operation is a challenge for this method because the dc-link voltage control relies on the grid voltage.…”

“…Moreover, if there is an additional battery energy storage system (BESS) on the dc-link, the dc-link voltage is able to be controlled by the BESS (Fang et al, 2019). Thus, different dc-link voltage control methods are worth being compared (Nguyen et al, 2022). Besides, to provide frequency support to the grid, the wind generator should reserve some additional energy, so that the deloading operation of the generator may be necessary (Kumar et al, 2020).…”

Control technique for power quality improvement of isolated wind power generation system

“…Hysteresis current control technic was [5] for WT, this technic need peak and valley current detectors which were compromised of RC integrator and RS flip flop to detect the values in real time, the generator in this work was 2 KVA, 1,800 rpm speed and doesn't need slip rings and brushes, it's also maintenances free without rare earth magnets. Nguyen et al [6] presents review grid forming inverter with WT generators controllers with single or multi loop, and provides comparison for different structures of applying current and voltage control schemes. In addition, the challenges of applying these growing functional modules (GFM) controls to WTs, including the impact of DC-link voltage and the current saturation algorithm on the GFM control performance.…”