Grid Impact of Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Stations: Trends, Standards, Issues and Mitigation Measures - An Overview

Abstract

With growing concern on climate change, widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is important. One of the main barriers to EV acceptance is range anxiety, which can be alleviated by fast charging (FC). The main technology constraints for enabling FC consist of high-charging-rate batteries, high-power-charging infrastructure, and grid impacts. Although these technical aspects have been studied in literature individually, there is no comprehensive review on FC involving all the perspectives. Moreover, the power quality (PQ) problems of fast charging stations (FCSs) and the mitigation of these problems are not clearly summarized in the literature. In this paper, the state-of-the-art technology, standards for FC (CHAdeMO, GB/T, CCS, and Tesla), power quality issues, IEEE and IEC PQ standards, and mitigation measures of FCSs are systematically reviewed. Index Terms-Charging stations, Electric vehicles, Power quality, Power system stability I. INTRODUCTION G ROWING concern about climate change intensifies the trend towards decarbonization and interest in clean technology. As a substitute for internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), EVs powered by renewable electricity, can reduce petroleum usage and greenhouse emission [1], [2]. Besides, new technologies on the powertrain of EVs, e.g., wide-bandgap-component based motor drive that improves battery-towheel efficiency [3], make EVs more competitive on energy saving. The convenience of EV recharging significantly influences EV adoption and utilization. The charging power level is generally categorized into two classes-the slow charging and the FC. Typically, the former signifies the distributed charging at home, and public destinations, with the power rated lower than the maximum household power (e.g., 22 kW in European Union and 19kW in the United States [4]). On the contrary, fast chargers have a higher power rating and are typically used in FCSs. The charging modes are standardized in IEC 61851-1 [5] and SAE J1772 [1], according to the type of the input current (AC or DC) and the power level. In IEC 61851-1, four charging modes are defined, where Mode 1, 2, and 3 are the AC charging mode and Mode 4 is DC charging mode. Moreover, only Mode 3 and 4 support the FC. In SAE J1772, the EV charging is classified as three levels, where Level 1 and 2 are the slow charging via AC on-board chargers (OBCs), and Level 3 is the FC via DC off-board charger. Due to the space and weight constraints of the AC OBC, it has a limited maximum power rating, e.g., 43 kW for Mode 3 in IEC 61851-1. Thus, the mainstream FC is through the DC This project has received funding from the Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No 876868. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and Germany,

Sustainable Electric Vehicle Transportation

“…In trying to understand the impact of the uncoordinated charging of PEVs on the distribution network, an assessment to determine the actual performance of distribution networks as against the ideal performance was conducted in [21]. In concluding this section, an overview that summarizes the grid impact of EVs from the perspective of fast charging stations integrated into distribution networks can be read in [22]. It highlighted and reviewed power quality issues associated with EV fast-charging under high power mode and provides ways of improving this process to ensure grid safety and stability.…”

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“…The increasing penetration of EVs, leads to an ever-growing demand for Ultra-Fast Charging Stations (UFCS) which are required to fulfill EVs batteries particularly when long-medium distance travels are performed. This type of charging system has proved to positively affect the range anxiety related to EVs [2]. Nonetheless, compared with the well-established conventional fueling stations, these type of charging facilities are not suitably available everywhere.…”

Python supervised co-simulation for a day-long harmonic evaluation of EV charging

“…For widespread electric vehicle (EV) adoption, fast-charging stations (FCSs) are being built along highways as crucial infrastructures that can alleviate EV customers' range anxiety for long-distance trips [1][2] . However, how the widespread installation of FCSs will affect the grid in terms of power quality remains unclear.…”