Grid-Tied PV system energy smoothing

Hund, Thomas D.; Gonzalez, Sigifredo; Barrett, Keith Phillip

doi:10.1109/pvsc.2010.5616799

Cited by 82 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…The first factor affects the dynamics of the power generated PPV, the greater the size of the PV plant, the greater the filtering in the power fluctuations [36]. Figure 17 shows the storage time required, tBAT, for each strategy, based on the size of the PV plant.…”

Section: Effective Storage Time Tbatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the most-used algorithms and which provides the best results is Rainflow-counting [37]. Initially developed to calculate mechanical fatigue [36], this method has also proved to be equally valid for calculating the ESS ageing due to cycling [38][39][40][41][42]. In this way, any complex charging and discharging series can be broken down into a series of simple sub-cycles with a given DOD.…”

Section: Ramp-rate Moving-average Step-controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Control Strategies to Smooth Short-Term Power Fluctuations in Large Photovoltaic Plants Using Battery Storage Systems

et al. 2014

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Abstract:The variations in irradiance produced by changes in cloud cover can cause rapid fluctuations in the power generated by large photovoltaic (PV) plants. As the PV power share in the grid increases, such fluctuations may adversely affect power quality and reliability. Thus, energy storage systems (ESS) are necessary in order to smooth power fluctuations below the maximum allowable. This article first proposes a new control strategy (step-control), to improve the results in relation to two state-of-the-art strategies, ramp-rate control and moving average. It also presents a method to quantify the storage capacity requirements according to the three different smoothing strategies and for different PV plant sizes. Finally, simulations shows that, although the moving-average (MA) strategy requires the smallest capacity, it presents more losses (2-3 times more) and produces a much higher number of cycles over the ESS (around 10 times more), making it unsuitable with storage technologies as lithium-ion. The step-control shown as a better option in scenery with exigent ramp restrictions (around 2%/min) and distributed generation against the ramp-rate control in all ESS key aspects: 20% less of capacity, up to 30% less of losses and a 40% less of ageing. All the simulations were based on real PV production data, taken every 5 s in the course of one year (2012) from a number of systems with power outputs ranging from 550 kW to 40 MW. OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2014, 7 6594

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Section: Effective Storage Time Tbatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ramp-rate Moving-average Step-controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control Strategies to Smooth Short-Term Power Fluctuations in Large Photovoltaic Plants Using Battery Storage Systems

et al. 2014

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“…The use of battery to reduce the variability of PV and wind generation systems has been the subject of much research [3][4][5][6][7]. Recently, a few commercial PV and wind projects have been installed in Hawaii with co-located energy storage to meet specific output variability limits at the point of common coupling (PCC) [8].…”

Section: Smoothing Control Algorithm Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…K SOC -The proportional controller used to return the battery to SOC ref . 4. K GE -The proportional controller used to return the GE to the nominal GE power.…”

Section: Influence Of the Control Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

PV output smoothing using a battery and natural gas engine-generator

Johnson

Ellis

Denda

et al. 2013

2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)

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In some situations involving weak grids or high penetration scenarios, the variability of photovoltaic systems can affect the local electrical grid. In order to mitigate destabilizing effects of power fluctuations, an energy storage device or other controllable generation or load can be used. This paper describes the development of a controller for coordinated operation of a small gas engine-generator set (genset) and a battery for smoothing PV plant output. There are a number of benefits derived from using a traditional generation resource in combination with the battery; the variability of the photovoltaic system can be reduced to a specific level with a smaller battery and Power Conditioning System (PCS) and the lifetime of the battery can be extended. The controller was designed specifically for a PV/energy storage project (Prosperity) and a gas engine-generator (Mesa Del Sol) currently operating on the same feeder in Albuquerque, New Mexico. A number of smoothing simulations of the Prosperity PV were conducted using power data collected from the site. By adjusting the control parameters, tradeoffs between battery use and ramp rates could be tuned. A cost function was created to optimize the control in order to balance, in this example, the need to have low ramp rates with reducing battery size and operation. Simulations were performed for cases with only a genset or battery, and with and without coordinated control between the genset and battery, e.g., without the communication link between sites or during a communication failure. The degree of smoothing without coordinated control did not change significantly because the battery dominated the smoothing response. It is anticipated that this work will be followed by a field demonstration in the near future. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis work was funded by the

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“…The concept of smoothing for renewable energy generation has been studied in the literature (see [4]- [6]). This paper looks at implementation issues for an actual utility scale experiment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PV power output smoothing using energy storage.

Ellis¹,

Arellano

Willard

et al. 2012

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This paper describes a simple algorithm designed to reduce the variability of photovoltaic (PV) power output by using an energy storage device. A full-scale implementation was deployed in an actual PV Energy demonstration project, in partnership with a utility and a battery manufacturer. The paper describes simulation tests as well as field results. In addition to demonstrating implementation of smoothing controls, this work also served to verify the models, identify best parameter sets for utility operations, and study the operation of an advanced energy storage system under partial state of charge and rapid, irregular charge/discharge cycling. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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Grid-Tied PV system energy smoothing

Cited by 82 publications

References 0 publications

Control Strategies to Smooth Short-Term Power Fluctuations in Large Photovoltaic Plants Using Battery Storage Systems

Control Strategies to Smooth Short-Term Power Fluctuations in Large Photovoltaic Plants Using Battery Storage Systems

PV output smoothing using a battery and natural gas engine-generator

PV power output smoothing using energy storage.

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