The COVID-19 pandemic has left a lasting legacy on human health, extending beyond the acute phase of infection. This article explores the evidence suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection can induce persistent epigenetic modifications, particularly in DNA methylation patterns, with potential long-term consequences for individuals’ health and aging trajectories. The review discusses the potential of DNA methylation-based biomarkers, such as epigenetic clocks, to identify individuals at risk for accelerated aging and tailor personalized interventions. Integrating epigenetic clock analysis into clinical management could mark a new era of personalized treatment for COVID-19, possibly helping clinicians to understand patient susceptibility to severe outcomes and establish preventive strategies. Several valuable reviews address the role of epigenetics in infectious diseases, including the Sars-CoV-2 infection. However, this article provides an original overview of the current understanding of the epigenetic dimensions of COVID-19, offering insights into the long-term health implications of the pandemic. While acknowledging the limitations of current data, we emphasize the need for future research to unravel the precise mechanisms underlying COVID-19-induced epigenetic changes and to explore potential approaches to target these modifications.
Graphical Abstract: Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the epigenetic landscape and individual response
Following SARS-CoV-2 infection, individuals may develop either a normal immune response or an aberrant one, such as a cytokine storm. Both scenarios can result in long-lasting consequences, known as “long COVID.” This condition can reshape the epigenetic landscape by altering DNA methylation patterns, contributing to the “epigenetic drift.” This drift, further influenced by various factors, can lead to changes in gene expression, immune functionality, and disease susceptibility. One significant consequence of the epigenetic drift is the acceleration of biological aging, which can profoundly impact personalized medical interventions. Created with BioRender.com.
