GRIN lens and lens array fabrication with diffusion-driven photopolymer

Ye, Chunfang; McLeod, Robert R.

doi:10.1364/ol.33.002575

Cited by 67 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Such a model can then be applied to the study of photopolymer based holographic data storage 26,27 and hybrid optoelectronics fabrication. 28,29 .…”

Section: ͑1͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended model of the photoinitiation mechanisms in photopolymer materials

Shui

Gleeson

Sabol

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physics

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In order to further improve photopolymer materials for applications such as data storage, a deeper understanding of the photochemical mechanisms which are present during the formation of holographic gratings has become ever more crucial. This is especially true of the photoinitiation processes, since holographic data storage requires multiple sequential short exposures. Previously, models describing the temporal variation in the photosensitizer (dye) concentration as a function of exposure have been presented and applied to two different types of photosensitizer, i.e., Methylene Blue and Erythrosine B, in a polyvinyl alcohol/acrylamide based photopolymer. These models include the effects of photosensitizer recovery and bleaching under certain limiting conditions. In this paper, based on a detailed study of the photochemical reactions, the previous models are further developed to more physically represent these effects. This enables a more accurate description of the time varying dye absorption, recovery, and bleaching, and therefore of the generation of primary radicals in photopolymers containing such dyes.

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“…Such a model can then be applied to the study of photopolymer based holographic data storage 26,27 and hybrid optoelectronics fabrication. 28,29 .…”

Section: ͑1͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended model of the photoinitiation mechanisms in photopolymer materials

Shui

Gleeson

Sabol

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…Commonly, GRIN elements are manufactured using well‐known methods: chemical vapor deposition , ion exchange , neutron irradiation , and thermal , UV , and diffusion‐assisted lithography . However, all of them lack the possibility of embodying arbitrary‐shape components, except for a very recent study .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuning the refractive index in 3D direct laser writing lithography: towards GRIN microoptics

Žukauskas

Matulaitienė

Paipulas

et al. 2015

Laser & Photonics Reviews

142

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We report a study of the determination of polymer cross-linking, namely the degree of conversion and refractive index of the microstructures created by two-photon polymerization (TPP). The influence of TPP processing parameters such as laser intensity and scanning velocity is investigated. The degree of conversion is analyzed via Raman microspectroscopy and the refractive index is measured with the interferometric technique employing a Michelson interferometer. Moreover, the relationship between these two properties is revealed and details are discussed. The largest refractive index change that we have obtained is of the order of 10 −2 . Finally, we propose and demonstrate experimentally the realization of the gradientindex (GRIN) structure, resulting from a laser-induced local refractive index modification due to monomer cross-linking, i.e. degree of conversion. This work implies that the TPP technique is a valuable tool for the fabrication of GRIN microoptics for (in)homogeneous molding of light flow at the micrometer scale.

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“…Although both F-220 and F-8402 have stage 1 moduli that are similar, there is a 7-fold increase in the stage 2 modulus of F-220 in comparison with F-8402, thereby demonstrating the relative independence with which stage 1 and 2 properties can be controlled. The characteristics of a two-stage reactive system such as the F-220 with a stage 1 T g of 18 ºC and modulus of 7 MPa, would be ideally suited for applications such as a holographic writing material which would have to be sufficiently rubbery at ambient conditions to allow index patterning and facile diffusion, followed by stage 2 curing resulting in a final material that is glassy and mechanically robust [15, 21, 22]. For applications that require high modulus materials for stage 2 properties, but also require a more mechanically robust stage 1 polymer network, the F-1290 system has a stage 1 modulus of 20 MPa and a T g of 30ºC.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced two-stage reactive polymer network forming systems

Nair

Cramer

McBride

et al. 2012

Polymer

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In this study, we develop thiol/acrylate two-stage reactive network forming polymer systems that exhibit two distinct and orthogonal stages of curing. Using a thiol-acrylate system with excess acrylate functional groups, a first stage polymer network is formed via a 1 to 1 stoichiometric thiol-acrylate Michael addition reaction (stage 1). At a later point in time, the excess acrylate functional groups are homopolymerized via a photoinitiated free radical polymerization to form a second stage polymer network (stage 2). By varying the monomers within the system as well as the stoichiometery of the thiol to acrylate functional groups, we demonstrate the ability of the two-stage polymer network forming systems to encompass a wide range of properties at the end of both the stage 1 and stage 2 polymerizations. Using urethane di- and hexa-acrylates within the formulations led to two-stage reactive polymeric systems with stage 1 Tgs that ranged from −12 to 30 °C. The systems were then photocured, upon which the Tg of the systems increases by up to 90 °C while also achieving a nearly 20 fold modulus increase.

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GRIN lens and lens array fabrication with diffusion-driven photopolymer

Cited by 67 publications

References 11 publications

Extended model of the photoinitiation mechanisms in photopolymer materials

Extended model of the photoinitiation mechanisms in photopolymer materials

Tuning the refractive index in 3D direct laser writing lithography: towards GRIN microoptics

Enhanced two-stage reactive polymer network forming systems

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