Grinnell Glacier, Glacier National Park, Montana

Abstract

F i g u r e 1. F r o m t h e e a s t , A u g u s t 1 9 1 1 Photo by T. W. Stanton, U. S. Geological Survey. F i g u r e 2 . F r o m t h e e a s t , A u g u s t 2 9 , 1 9 3 5The glacier consists of two separate ice bodies in contrast to the condition depicted in Figure 1.The north m oraine lies a t the extrem e right edge of the lower ice mass.

Geological Survey research 1965, Chapter B

“…The rate of horizontal movement is comparable to rates reported by Alden ( 1923), Gibson and Dyson ( 1939), and Johnson ( 1964) for the Grinnell Glacier in Glacier National Park, but it is unexpectedly rapid for such a small glacier in a region of much lower precipitation. The maximum movement measured by W aldrop (1964) in the Arapaho Glacier, Colorado, was only about 12 feet per year.…”

Life, death and afterlife of the extrusion flow theory

“…In other developments, Aleschow (1930) reported extrusion flow in a cirque glacier in the Urals, and Gibson and Dyson (1939) invoked a rotational extrusion flow to explain the dip of stratification planes in Grinnell Glacier, Montana, USA.…”

Internal Structure of Sandy Glacier, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica

“…The occurrence of ice layers striking parallel to the margin of a glacier is not at all uncommon but the angle of dip of the strata in Sandy Glacier, nearly constant at about 82° in the areas where the ice was not covered by sand or snow, is much steeper tha n dips noted in other glaciers. Gibson and Dyson ( 1939) measured a maximum dip of 45° on Grinnell Glacier. L ewis (1949) suggested a maximum dip of 45° from studies in Ice land and up to 50° from Norway (Grove, [1952] ; Grove and Lewis,195 I ) .…”

“…Surface banding on many glaciers studied by various investigators in the Northern H emisphere, the pattern being a consequence of th e outcrop of numerous parallel layers of ice, has frequently been cited as an expression of annual accumulations in the nivi. Gibson and Dyson ( 1939), discussing Grinnell Glacier in Montana, believed that the bands were the result of "successive snowfalls" or annual accumulations. The concept of annual banding was completely accepted during studies of Norwegian cirque glaciers by W. V. Lewis and his co-workers (Adie, 1960 ;Grove, 1960[a], [b] ;…”

“…It has been assumed (Gibson and Dyson, 1939;L ewis, 1949 ;Grove and Lewis, 1951 ;Grove, 1960[a] , Cb]) that the ice bands that are dipping up-glacier at a near-snout location were originally formed in the zone of accumulation with a slight down-glacier inclination, thereby indicating the occurrence of rotational movement of the ice. The sand laye rs in Sandy Glacier unequivocally demonstrate that rotation does indeed take place.…”