Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-66 & GMFM-88) User's Manual, 3rd Edition, Book Review

Abstract

The Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) is the gold standard for measuring gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in both clinical and research settings. The GMFM User's Manual 3rd Edition with its companion GMFM App+ is now available. The GMFM has well-established psychometrics for children with CP younger than 15 years and is validated for use in other populations with motor impairment including Down syndrome and acquired brain injury. It is an evaluative tool, therefore used to measure change in gross motor function over time or to measure the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving gross motor function.The GMFM-88 was originally published in 2002. 1 The 2nd Edition, published in 2013, 2 added GMFM-66 and Gross Motor Ability Estimator (GMAE-2) algorithm, which gave an accurate estimation of gross motor function testing fewer items. The GMAE-2 also mapped a child' s emerging and expected next skills and thereby supporting identification of goals for therapy.The current 3rd Edition Manual outlines progress from the past decade on psychometric testing and application of different versions of the GMFM. This includes the GMFM-88-CVI (Cerebral Visual Impairment) 3 for children with vision impairment, Quality FM (QFM), 4 which assesses quality of movement and GMFM Challenge 5,6 for children Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I and II. An update on GMFM-88 and GMFM-66 versions is given in Brazilian Portuguese, 7 Chinese, 8 Korean, 9,10 and Persian 11 and in multiple childhood disorders, for example acquired brain injury 12

Correlation of Skin Folds Measurements and Selective Motor Control of Lower Extremity in Children with Diplegic Cerebral Palsy

“…This association is critical, as selective motor control is fundamental to executing precise and coordinated movements, particularly in tasks requiring fine motor skills. This correlation underscores the importance of incorporating balance training in therapeutic interventions for these children, aligning with previous studies that emphasize the role of balance in enhancing motor control and functional independence (21,27). Contrary to initial expectations, the study found no significant gender-based differences in selective motor control across various joints in the lower limbs.…”

Effects of traditional Chinese medicine combined with modern rehabilitation therapies on motor function in children with cerebral palsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…(3) Comparisons: conventional modern rehabilitation like physical therapy, occupational therapy, or speech therapy. (4) Outcome measures: primary outcome measures: ➀ Gross motor function measure (GMFM)-66 and GMFM-88 ( Te Velde and Morgan, 2022 ): measurement of motor function of decubitus position, turn-over, sitting position, creeping, and kneeling, erect position, walking, running, and jumping. ➁ Fine motor function measure: 2 subscales (grasping and visual-motor integration) of Peabody Development Motor Scales-II ( Fay et al, 2019 ).…”

Therapeutic Effects of Metaverse Rehabilitation for Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…The GMFM comprises five major testing sub-items: (A) lying and rolling; (B) sitting; (C) crawling and kneeling; (D) standing; and (E) walking, running, and jumping. The scoring system ranges from 0 to 3, where 0 indicates ‘no initiation’, 1 indicates ‘initiation’, 2 indicates ‘partial completion’, and 3 indicates ‘completion’ [ 14 ]. The intra- and inter-tester reliability for GMFM are well established, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of 0.96 and 0.97, respectively [ 15 ].…”