“…On the other hand, artificial intelligence techniques have been rapidly developed in recent years, resulting in machine learning (ML) becoming an advanced tool for solving complex geotechnical engineering problems (Atangana Njock et al, 2020; Du et al, 2021; Phoon & Zhang, 2022; X. Wang et al, 2022; W. Zhang, Gu, et al, 2022; W. Zhang, Li, et al, 2021; W. Zhang, Li, Han, et al, 2022; W. Zhang, Li, Tang, et al, 2022; W. Zhang, Li, Wu, et al, 2022; K. Zhang, Wang, et al, 2022; W. Zhang, Wu, et al, 2021). ML models are trained using historical datasets and can easily extract nonlinear relationships between input and output variables without too much prior information (Y. Chen, Xu, et al, 2022; J. Chen, Zhu, et al, 2022; W. Zhang, Gu, et al, 2022; W. Zhang, Li, Han, et al, 2022; W. Zhang, Li, Tang, et al, 2022; W. Zhang, Li, Wu, et al, 2022; K. Zhang, Wang, et al, 2022).…”