Ground Reaction Forces: The Sine Qua Non of Legged Locomotion

Clayton, Hilary M.; Hobbs, Sarah Jane

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.022

Cited by 22 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…On the other hand, slight rotation of force vector respect to the gait cycle in stance phase in running gait which indicates the propulsive directional force acting toward center of pressure of moving leg. However, it should be noted that in our simulation leg mechanism was fixed in sagittal plane, therefore detail analysis of force direction could be estimated precisely when multiple leg considered to regenerate the different locomotive gaits [28].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Viscoelastic Contact Analysis of the Ground Reaction Force Differentiation in Walking and Running Gaits Realized in the Simplified Horse Leg Model Focusing on the Hoof–Ground Interaction

Batbaatar¹,

Wagatsuma²

2021

JRNAL

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Viscoelastic Contact Analysis of the Ground Reaction Force Differentiation in Walking and Running Gaits Realized in the Simplified Horse Leg Model Focusing on the Hoof–Ground Interaction

Batbaatar¹,

Wagatsuma²

2021

JRNAL

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“…In order to understand the process of veterinary examination and its resultant observations; it is imperative to fully understand the kinematics and kinetics of the locomotion of the horse. The structure and function of the cursorial musculoskeletal systems have evolved to provide structures and patterns of movement that favour acceleration, manoeuvrability speed and endurance [30,37,38] which has been harnessed over centuries for various disciplines such as racing and dressage.…”

Section: Kinematics and Kinetics Of Locomotionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation into Whether Proximal Suspensory Desmitis of the Hindlimb Could Predispose Horses to Sacroiliac Disease

Skivington¹,

Kovač́²,

Zakirova³

et al. 2020

Equine Science

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Proximal suspensory desmopathy/desmitis (PSD) of the hindlimb is a well understood condition with widely accepted treatment protocols; however, there is little research demonstrating understanding or potential correlation between hindlimb PSD and sacroiliac disease (SID). Several studies have examined the co-existence of hindlimb PSD and SID each investigating unique predisposing factors. This has led to little direct correlation of cause and effect with no definitive conclusions drawn. The need to be objective is highlighted by the limited number of studies and that two studies used anecdotal evidence to support their hypothesis and thus creating the question does hindlimb proximal suspensory desmopathy predispose horses to sacroiliac disease? This review looks at the two conditions and compares the literature for each, including the incidence, biomechanics, anatomy, and treatment. The review further discusses whether one disorder predisposes horses/equids to the other.

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“…The vertical GRF component represents gravitational and inertial forces transmitted through the horse’s limbs that are responsible for accelerating the horse vertically, for example during jumping or into a lofty aerial phase. In each gait the vertical GRF curve in the fore and hind limbs has a typical shape though the magnitude may change with speed [38]. For example, at slow walk the vertical GRF curve is broad and flat, at moderate walking speed it is distinctly biphasic, at fast walk the dip between the two peaks is exaggerated, and in trot the two peaks merge into a single peak [18,39,40].…”

Section: Ground Reaction Forcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Biomechanical Gait Classification with Reference to Collected Trot, Passage and Piaffe in Dressage Horses

Clayton

Hobbs

2019

Animals

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Simple SummaryThis paper reviews the biomechanical classification of diagonally coordinated gaits of dressage horses, specifically, collected trot, passage and piaffe. Each gait was classified as a walking gait or a running gait based on three criteria: limb kinematics, ground reaction forces and center of mass mechanics. The data for trot and passage were quite similar and both were classified as running gaits according to all three criteria. In piaffe, the limbs have relatively long stance durations and there are no aerial phases, so kinematically it was classified as a walking gait. However, the shape of the vertical ground reaction force curve and the strategies used to control movements of the center of mass were more similar to those of a running gait. The hind limbs act as springs with limb compression increasing progressively from collected trot to passage to piaffe, whereas the forelimbs show less compression in passage and piaffe and behave more like struts.AbstractGaits are typically classified as walking or running based on kinematics, the shape of the vertical ground reaction force (GRF) curve, and the use of inverted pendulum or spring-mass mechanics during the stance phase. The objectives of this review were to describe the biomechanical characteristics that differentiate walking and running gaits, then apply these criteria to classify and compare the enhanced natural gait of collected trot with the artificial gaits of passage and piaffe as performed by highly trained dressage horses. Limb contact and lift off times were used to determine contact sequence, limb phase, duty factor, and aerial phase duration. Ground reaction force data were plotted to assess fore and hind limb loading patterns. The center of mass (COM) trajectory was evaluated in relation to changes in potential and kinetic energy to assess the use of inverted pendulum and spring-mass mechanics. Collected trot and passage were classified as running gaits according to all three criteria whereas piaffe appears to be a hybrid gait combining walking kinematics with running GRFs and COM mechanics. The hind limbs act as springs and show greater limb compression in passage and piaffe compared with trot, whereas the forelimbs behave more like struts showing less compression in passage and piaffe than in trot.

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Ground Reaction Forces: The Sine Qua Non of Legged Locomotion

Cited by 22 publications

References 71 publications

A Viscoelastic Contact Analysis of the Ground Reaction Force Differentiation in Walking and Running Gaits Realized in the Simplified Horse Leg Model Focusing on the Hoof–Ground Interaction

A Viscoelastic Contact Analysis of the Ground Reaction Force Differentiation in Walking and Running Gaits Realized in the Simplified Horse Leg Model Focusing on the Hoof–Ground Interaction

Investigation into Whether Proximal Suspensory Desmitis of the Hindlimb Could Predispose Horses to Sacroiliac Disease

A Review of Biomechanical Gait Classification with Reference to Collected Trot, Passage and Piaffe in Dressage Horses

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