Ground State Quantum Vortex Proton Model

Abstract

A novel photon-based proton model is developed. A proton's ground state is assumed to be coherent to the degree that all of its mass-energy precipitates into a single uncharged spherical structure. A quantum vortex, initiated by the strong nuclear force, but sustained in the proton's ground state by the circular Unruh effect and a spherical Rindler horizon, is proposed to confine the proton's massenergy in its ground state. A direct connection between the circular Unruh effect, the zitterbewegung effect, spin, and general relativity is proposed. Such a structure acts as an uncharged zitterbewegung fermion, and may explain neutrino mass. A ground-state proton's central zitterbewegung fermion is assumed to be surrounded by a halo of charge shells of both signs. Virtual photon standing waves are assumed to synchronize the inner shell with the central zitterbewegung fermion. The charge shells are proposed to be associated with isospin and proton g-factor. There are only two model inputs-proton mass and quantized electronic charge-and just one adjustable parameter. The adjustable parameter, reduced only by about 0.4% from an initial estimate, provides the proton's experimentally determined magnetic moment to arbitrary precision. The resulting modeled proton charge radius agrees very well with the 2018 CODATA value. Magnetic moment and charge radius are calculated algebraically in a manner easily understood by undergraduate physics students. This proposed ground-state proton model could be falsified by future experimental proton charge radius estimates, and could be considered a low-energy approximation to a full quantum chromodynamical proton model.

Unbound Low-Energy Nucleons As Semiclassical Quantum Networks

“…Section 3.2 applies these quantum network-based models to calculate several parameters related to quarks and neutron decay. The proton models developed both in this paper and Reference [9] are statistically consistent with a recent experimental estimate of proton polar charge radius [51].…”

“…As with Reference [9], this paper proposes that the properties of an unbound ground-state nucleon's measured projection can be derived from those of a hypothetical revolving circularly-polarized virtual photon. Such a virtual photon is proposed to propagate via both toroidally and poloidally revolving virtual electromagnetic fields.…”

“…2 of 40 are called unbound ground-state quantum vortex (GSQV) nucleon models. As with Reference [9], during nucleon-antinucleon pair production, it is assumed that one real spin-1 photon splits into two virtual circularly-polarized spin-half photon vortices. When in its ground state, each unbound spin-half nucleon's mass energy is assumed to be generated from its toroidal vortex component via the combined zitterbewegung and circular Unruh effects [9].…”

“…As with Reference [9], during nucleon-antinucleon pair production, it is assumed that one real spin-1 photon splits into two virtual circularly-polarized spin-half photon vortices. When in its ground state, each unbound spin-half nucleon's mass energy is assumed to be generated from its toroidal vortex component via the combined zitterbewegung and circular Unruh effects [9]. The circular polarization of a toroidally revolving virtual photon results in a poloidal vortex component that Reference [9] assumes generates charge.…”

“…When in its ground state, each unbound spin-half nucleon's mass energy is assumed to be generated from its toroidal vortex component via the combined zitterbewegung and circular Unruh effects [9]. The circular polarization of a toroidally revolving virtual photon results in a poloidal vortex component that Reference [9] assumes generates charge. This paper goes further by mathematically developing a mechanism via which unbound GSQV nucleon charge is generated and maintained via twin poloidal circulations.…”