Groundwater contamination with 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) and perspectives for its microbial removal

Ellegaard-Jensen, Lea; Horemans, Benjamin; Raes, Bart; Aamand, Jens; Hansen, Lars Hestbjerg

doi:10.1007/s00253-017-8362-x

Cited by 26 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…3C) pose a potential risk to groundwater. Poorly drilled or maintained deep groundwater wells are subject to the downward transmission of water carrying microbiological and hazardous anthropogenic contaminants [74][75][76] . www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Microbiological and anthropogenic chemical pollution is methodically monitored and regulated in drinking water by law.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration (2006/118/EC) imposes EU member states to terminate exploitation of water from groundwater wells if active substance of any pesticide, including its relevant metabolites, degradation and reaction products exceeds the 100 ng/L threshold 77 . Threshold violations have been reported in Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Finland and Denmark, leading to the closure of many drinking water wells 74 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The invasive butterbur contaminates stream and seepage water in groundwater wells with toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Kisielius

Hama

Skrbic

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are persistent mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds produced by many common plant species. Health authorities recommend minimising human exposure via food and medicinal products to ensure consumer health and safety. However, there is little awareness that PAs can contaminate water resources. Therefore, no regulations exist to limit PAs in drinking water. This study measured a PA base concentration of ~ 70 ng/L in stream water adjacent to an invasive PA-producing plant Petasites hybridus (Asteraceae). After intense rain the PA concentration increased tenfold. In addition, PAs measured up to 230 ng/L in seepage water from groundwater wells. The dominant PAs in both water types corresponded to the most abundant PAs in the plants (senkirkine, senecionine, senecionine N-oxide). The study presents the first discovery of persistent plant toxins in well water and their associated risks. In addition, it for the first time reports monocrotaline and monocrotaline N-oxide in Petasites sp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The invasive butterbur contaminates stream and seepage water in groundwater wells with toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Kisielius

Hama

Skrbic

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…The overall aim of the present study was to test the feasibility of growing fungi for the purpose of metabolizing recalcitrant compounds, utilising part of the fungal species' diversity in Northern European forests and evaluating their growth and survival on relevant Ncontaining recalcitrant compounds. We wanted to screen a larger number of fungal species with varying taxonomy and ecology, and as a first step we performed a screening study using [31]. After the screening study a sub-set of species that showed the best growth was chosen for a simulated process water experiment containing both 2-diethylaminoethanol and N 3 -trimethyl(2oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media

Stenholm

Backlund

Holmström³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The elimination of hazardous compounds in chemical wastes can be a complex and technically demanding task. In the search for environmental-friendly technologies, fungal mediated remediation and removal procedures are of concern. In this study, we investigated whether there are fungal species that can survive and grow on solely amine-containing compounds. One compound containing a primary amine group; 2-diethylaminoethanol, one compound with a primary amide group; 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM), and a third compound containing a quaternary ammonium group; N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride, were selected. The choice of these compounds was motivated by their excessive use in large scale manufacturing of protein separation media (2-diethylaminoethanol and the quaternary amine). 2,6-dichlorobenzamide, the degradation product of the herbicide 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), was chosen since it is an extremely recalcitrant compound. Utilising part of the large fungal diversity in Northern European forests, a screening study using 48 fungal isolates from 42 fungal species, including saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi, was performed to test for growth responses to the chosen compounds. The ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoscyphus ericae showed the best overall growth on 2-diethylaminoethanol and BAM in the 1-20 gL-1 concentration range. A 3500% and 450% increase in biomass, respectively, was observed. For N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride, the peak growth occurred at 1 gL-1. In a second experiment, including three of the most promising species (Laccaria laccata, Hygrophorus camarophyllus and Rhizoscyphus ericae) from the screening experiment, a simulated process water containing 1.9% (w/v) 2-diethylaminoethanol and 0.8% (w/v) N3-trimethyl(2-oxiranyl)methanaminium chloride was used. Laccaria laccata showed the best biomass growth increase (380%) relative to a growth control, while the growth increase for Rhizoscyphus ericae and H. camarophyllus were 292% and 136% respectively, showing that also mycorrhizal fungal species can use amine- and amide-containing substrates as nutrients. These results show the potential of certain fungal species to be used in alternative green wastewater treatment procedures.

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“…In Europe, groundwater is an important drinking water resource and BAM contamination results in either costly closure of extraction wells or the inclusion of expensive remediation modules such as activated carbon filtration in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) 5 . Bioremediation of BAM-contaminated groundwater was suggested as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative treatment method in DWTPs 1,6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MSH1 survives well under oligotrophic conditions encountered 3 in DWTPs , develops biofilms , and mineralises BAM at trace concentrations 8 . The strain is considered a prime biocatalyst for treating BAM-contaminated groundwater in DWTPs by bioaugmentation of dedicated filtration modules 1 . Promising results were obtained in both laboratory and pilot-scale studies with bioaugmented sand filters, showing BAM removal below the EU threshold for five to six weeks 11,12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aminobacter sp. MSH1 Mineralizes the Groundwater Micropollutant 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide through a Unique Chlorobenzoate Catabolic Pathway

Raes¹,

Horemans²,

Rentsch

et al. 2019

Environ. Sci. Technol.

Self Cite

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2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) is a major groundwater micropollutant posing problems for drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) that depend on groundwater intake. Aminobacter sp. MSH1 uses BAM as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy and is considered a prime biocatalyst for groundwater bioremediation in DWTPs. Its use in bioremediation requires knowledge on its BAM-catabolic pathway which is currently restricted to the amidase BbdA converting BAM into 2,6-dichlorobenzoic acid (2,6-DCBA) and the mono-oxygenase BbdD transforming 2,6-DCBA in 2,6-dichloro-3-hydroxybenzoic acid. Here, we show that the 2,6-DCBA catabolic pathway is unique and differs substantially from catabolism of other chlorobenzoates. BbdD catalyses a second hydroxylation forming 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Subsequently, glutathione-dependent dehalogenases (BbdI and BbdE) catalyse the thiolytic removal of a first chlorine. The remaining chlorine is then removed hydrolytically by a dehalogenase of the / hydrolase superfamily (BbdC). BbdC is the first enzyme in that superfamily associated with dehalogenation of chlorinated aromatics and appears to represent a new subtype within the / hydrolase dehalogenases. The activity of BbdC yields a unique trihydroxylated aromatic intermediate for ring cleavage that is performed by an extradiol dioxygenase (BbdF) producing 2,4,6-trioxoheptanedioic acid which is likely converted to Krebs cycle intermediates by BbdG.

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Groundwater contamination with 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (BAM) and perspectives for its microbial removal

Cited by 26 publications

References 60 publications

The invasive butterbur contaminates stream and seepage water in groundwater wells with toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids

The invasive butterbur contaminates stream and seepage water in groundwater wells with toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Survival and growth of saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi in recalcitrant amine, amide and ammonium containing media

Aminobacter sp. MSH1 Mineralizes the Groundwater Micropollutant 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide through a Unique Chlorobenzoate Catabolic Pathway

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