Groundwater contribution to the river flow for the upper course of the Osam River based on two baseflow separation methods

Abstract

The study area in the upper part of the Osam River basin (central North Bulgaria) is characterized by highly variable mountain relief and diversified geological and hydrogeological conditions. Mesozoic clayey-terrigenous sediments are widespread in the area. Triassic and Jurassic carbonate rocks are developed locally, mainly in the upper part of the river basin. The mountainous landscape is dominated by old-forest vegetation communities. Both fissured-porous and karst groundwater systems are developed in the area. The groundwater is recharged mostly from precipitation and forms baseflow of streams. The aim of the study is to evaluate the groundwater contribution to the river flow for the catchment area of the Cherni Osam River and the Beli Osam River, forming the upper course of the main Osam River. For this purpose, two baseflow separation methods are used (local minimum method and digital filter of Eckhardt). Daily data for the river stream gages for the period 2009–2015 were processed. The baseflow for the studied catchments shows higher value for the Cherni Osam River basin and almost twice as lower value for the Beli Osam River basin. These results are most probably largely related to both the karst area and the forest cover. The digital filter developed by Eckhardt is considered as the most reliable for baseflow separation for the study area.

Evidence of karstification in chalk and limestone aquifers connected with stream systems and possible relation with the fish ecological quality ratio in Denmark

“…An Indonesian study has estimated BFI values for karst springs up to 0.9 (Fatchurohman et al 2018). Vasileva et al (2017) used a BFI of 0.8 for Bulgarian karst systems, while the UK baseflow index is set at 0.9 for chalk (UK_CEH 2022)-for example, in the Pang and Lambourn river catchments in southern England, the BFI indexes were calculated to be 0.87 and 0.96, respectively (Maurice et al 2006;Maurice 2009). However, the research reported here shows that the criteria limits that distinguish karst streams from nonkarst streams are not universal and can likely not be transferred to other parts of Denmark or abroad.…”