Groundwater Nutrient Concentrations and Mass Loading Rates at Iowa Golf Courses

Schilling, Keith E.; Streeter, Matthew T.

doi:10.1111/1752-1688.12604

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…2;Schilling and Streeter, 2017). Based on conversation with course superintendents, sampling locations were selected that could be easily accessed multiple times with minimal course disruption.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of golf course management on subsurface soil properties in Iowa

Streeter

Schilling

2018

SOIL

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Abstract. Currently, in the USA and especially in the Midwest region, urban expansion is developing turfgrass landscapes surrounding commercial sites, homes, and recreational areas on soils that have been agriculturally managed for decades. Often, golf courses are at the forefront of conversations concerning anthropogenic environmental impacts as they account for some of the most intensively managed soils in the world. Iowa golf courses provide an ideal location to evaluate whether golf course management is affecting the quality of soils at depth. Our study evaluated how soil properties relating to soil health and resiliency varied with depth at golf courses across Iowa and interpreted relationships of these properties to current golf course management, previous land use, and inherent soil properties. Systematic variation in soil properties including sand content, NO3, and soil organic matter (SOM) were observed with depth at six Iowa golf courses among three landform regions. Variability in sand content was identified between the 20 and 50 cm depth classes at all courses, where sand content decreased by as much as 37 %. Highest concentrations of SOM and NO3 were found in the shallowest soils, whereas total C and P variability was not related to golf course management. Sand content and NO3 were found to be directly related to golf course management, particularly at shallow depths. The effects of golf course management dissipated with depth and deeper soil variations were primarily due to natural geologic conditions. The two abovementioned soil properties were very noticeably altered by golf course management and may directly impact crop productivity, soil health, and water quality, and while NO3 may be altered relatively quickly in soil through natural processes, particle size of the soil may not be altered without extensive mitigation. Iowa golf courses continue to be developed in areas of land use change from historically native prairies and more recently agriculture to urban landscapes. As soils are continually altered by human impacts, it is imperative that we monitor the changes, both physical and chemical, in order to establish management practices that maintain environmental sustainability and productivity.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of golf course management on subsurface soil properties in Iowa

Streeter

Schilling

2018

SOIL

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“…At each course, soil samples were collected in conjunction with shallow monitoring well installations being performed for a water quality study ( Fig. 2; Schilling and Streeter, 2017). Based on conversation with course superintendents, sampling locations were selected that could be easily accessed multiple times with minimal course disruption.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to general and in-line comments

Streeter¹

2018

Preprint

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We would like to start by thanking the referee for the detailed comments and effort that has been put forth to review this manuscript. We were pleased that while there were several issues that needed addressed, these issues were mostly minor. In response to the general comments made which suggests a comparison by location on the golf course rather than comparisons between golf courses by depth: While it is true that management may vary between Tees, roughs, and fairways, we found through interviews with golf course managers that management varied much more significantly between courses than between locations on the course. For example, the two central courses were located on the same landform region, yet course average N fertilizer was more than doubled at Central 18 compared to Central 9. When looking at these same C1

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“…At each course, soil samples were collected in conjunction with shallow monitoring well installations being performed for a water quality study ( Figure 2; Schilling and Streeter (2017)).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%