Group discussion and predicted ethical risk taking.

Rettig, Salomon

doi:10.1037/h0023292

Cited by 30 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In fact, one may well observe shifts toward greater risk taking. A result of the latter sort would be congruent with Rettig's (1966) observati.on that subjects participating in group discussion of ethical conflicts predict more unethical behavior than do ina.lviduals responding alone. In Rett ig t S work, group discuss ion was shown to increase the attention paid to the rewards for unethical behavior relative to the penalties.…”

Section: Study IIIsupporting

confidence: 71%

Effects of Norm‐oriented Group Discussion on Individual Risk Taking and Conservatism1

Alker¹,

Kogan²

1967

ETS Research Bulletin Series

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In prior research, group discussion of risk-relevant material has led to systematic shifts in the direction of greater risk taking by the participants.The initial purpose of the set of studies presented here was to determine whether discussions of risk-irrelevant material would produce comparable risky shifts. In Study I, individual risk-taking levels were assessed in 97 females (constituted as 24 small groups) both before and after a discussion of current women's fashions. There was no risky shift. A near-significant conservative phift obtained, possibly due to the normative influences implicit in the group discussions. These influences were made explicit in Study II by providing intervening discussion materials consisting of ethical conflicts pitting universalistic ethical norms against particularistic obligations to friends or indUlgent self-interest. Subjects (~= 60 females constituted as five-person groups) unanimously favored the ethical norms and subsequently shifted in a consistently conservative direction. In Study III (~= 55 females constituted as five-person groups) the discussions dealt with the same ethical conflicts but were focused on recommending a particular course of action. Under these altered conditions, no overall significant shift in either direction occurred.However, groups converging on unethical alternatives subsequently became more risky, those converging on norm-maintaining alternatives became more conservative.Implications for future research are considered.Effects of Norm-Oriented Group Discussion on Individual Risk Taking and Conservatism l 2 Henry A. Alker and Nathan KoganIt is now a well-established fact that individuals engaged in a group discussion concerning matters of risk will as a consequence manifest shifts in the direction of greater risk taking (see Kogan & Wallach, 1967). The customary research paradigm in the foregoing work has involved (1) assessment of an individual's risk-taking disposition prior to group discussion, (2) SUbsequent group discussion of the situations contained in the previously administered risk-taking instrument, and (3) a postdiscussion assessment of individual risk-taking tendencies based on the same instrument. The task used in many of the relevant studies has been the hypothetical Choice-Dilemmas questionnaire (Kogan & Wallach, 1964). It is presumed that group discussion specifically focused on the content of that instrument directly accounts for the risky-shift phenomenon. Such a conclusion is reinforced by the evidence that repeated administrations of the Choice-Dilemmas questionnaire without the intervening group experience did not yield systematic shifts in preferred risk levels (Wallach, Kogan, & Bem, 1962).In sum, group discussion of risk-relevant decision situations appears to be the critical causal factor in the risky-shift effect. Such an inference is not entirely warranted, however, for we do not presently know whether the efficacy of the group experience depends upon the specific content of the discussion. In the research at is...

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Section: Study IIIsupporting

confidence: 71%

Effects of Norm‐oriented Group Discussion on Individual Risk Taking and Conservatism1

Alker¹,

Kogan²

1967

ETS Research Bulletin Series

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“…In other counseling contexts it is known that when counselees discuss anxiety and fear-ridden subjects, they tend to feel relief afterwards, even if their objective behavior seems to remain unchanged. A similar phenomenon, the so-called risky shift effect, has been described by social psychologists [Rettig, 1966;Chandler and Rabow, 1969;Pearn, 19791. Does the discussion of their changes of having an affected child, in itself, serve to reduce the reproductive anxiety of counselees at risk for genetic disorders, independent of whatever information is conveyed to them?…”

Section: Commentsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Psychological aspects of genetic counseling: VI. A critical review of the literature dealing with education and reproduction

Kessler

1989

Am. J. Med. Genet.

104

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The post-1979 literature dealing with the educational and reproductive outcome and process of genetic counseling is reviewed. Despite methodological difficulties, recent publications strongly suggest that genetic counseling is successful in educating counselees about diagnostic and risk information. In general, investigators suggest that there is room for improvement and the factors leading to imperfect recall of information need to be elucidated. Process studies suggest that the educational priorities of counselors and counselees may not always be consistent. The contribution of these inconsistencies to outcome measures needs further study. Also, it appears that differing counseling approaches may be equally effective in achieving educational goals. Studies on the reproductive outcome of genetic counseling show no strong impact of counseling; there appears to be a net increase of desire for more children following counseling. Precounseling reproductive intentions, rather than counseling, were found to be a major factor in determining postcounseling outcome. Process studies suggest that although many counselees say that they were influenced by genetic counseling, it is uncertain what they mean, since for many counselees, reproductive decisions seem to have been made prior to counseling.

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“…This is not always applicable, however, as in the genetic situation at least the decision whether or not to have further children may not be fulfilled due to extraneous factors such as infertility on the one hand or 'unplanned' pregnancies on the other (Carter et al, 1971). Also, it has been shown that riskiness in abstract judgement is not the equivalent of situations involving real-life risk taking (Rettig, 1966).…”

Section: The Meaning Of Odds To Different Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is generally accepted that prior discussion of a risk situation leads to an increased willingness on the part of the average discussant to take greater risks (Rettig, 1966;Chandler and Rabow, 1969;Home, 1970). Whether or not the discussion that occurs during genetic counselling also produces this 'riskyshift' (Home, 1970) is not known, but it would be surprising if this influence were absent, albeit masked by stronger perhaps opposing influences.…”

Section: Presentation Of Risk Figuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patients' subjective interpretation of risks offered in genetic counselling.

Pearn¹

1973

Journal of Medical Genetics

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Group discussion and predicted ethical risk taking.

Cited by 30 publications

References 9 publications

Effects of Norm‐oriented Group Discussion on Individual Risk Taking and Conservatism1

Effects of Norm‐oriented Group Discussion on Individual Risk Taking and Conservatism1

Psychological aspects of genetic counseling: VI. A critical review of the literature dealing with education and reproduction

Patients' subjective interpretation of risks offered in genetic counselling.

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