Group evolution patterns in running races

Abstract

We address the problem of tracking and detecting interactions between the different groups of runners that form during a race. In athletic races control points are set to monitor the progress of athletes over the course. Intuitively, a group is a sufficiently large set of athletes that cross a control point together. After adapting an existing definition of group to our setting we go on to study two types of group evolution patterns. The primary focus of this work are evolution patterns, i.e. the transformation and interaction of groups of athletes between two consecutive control points. We provide an accurate geometric model of the following evolution patterns: survives, appears, disappears, expands, shrinks, merges, splits, coheres and disbands, and present algorithms to efficiently compute these patterns. Next, based on the algorithms introduced for identifying evolution patterns, algorithms to detect long-term patterns are introduced. These patterns track global properties over several control points: surviving, traceable forward, traceable backward and related forward and backward. Experimental evaluation of the algorithms provided is presented using real and synthetic data. Using the data currently available, our experiments show how our algorithms can provide valuable insight into how running races develop. Moreover, we also show how, even if dense (synthetic) data is considered, our algorithms are also able to process it in real time.

A wireless sensor network for underground passages: Remote sensing and wildlife monitoring

“…In terms of applications, most case studies mainly analyzed the construction of animal tracking systems 30 in order to study the migration paths of wild animals, 31 their natural habitat, 32 their movement process, 33 and their behavior. 34,35 Sheep flocks were tracked in Reference 36, in order to optimize farming.…”