Group path measurement accuracy achieved by digital ionosondes for ionospheric informatics

Kalinin, Yu. K.; Куницын, В. Е.; Rozhdestvenskaya, L.L.

doi:10.1016/0273-1177(88)90206-2

Cited by 1 publication

(8 citation statements)

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“…The Saastamoinen expression for hydrostatic zenith delay is where Rd is the specific gas constant for dry air defined using a molar mass for dry air of 28.9644M.0014 kg kmol-1, P, is total surface pressure, and g m is the gravitational acceleration at the center of mass of the air column. The expression for g m given by Saastamoinen is g, = 9.7840 ( 1 -0.00266 cos 2@ -0.00028 H ) m S-* ( 5 ) where cp is latitude and H is the ellipsoidal height in km. No one has successfully developed a sufficiently accurate expression for L$ based on surface meteorological conditions, and such an expression is likely not possible because of the highly variable mixing ratio of water vapor (see Baby et al, [l9881 for a recent expression).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The humidity slope where NW the wet component of the refractivity, NW, (surface value) 4. 5 . e, for moderate surface temperature, if e, is the vapour pressure near the surface in mbar, and A l, a horizontal distance along the humidity gradient.…”

Section: Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this was not confirmed by Van Velthoven (1990): he found that at solar maximum the total number of occurrences exceeds that at solar minimum in all cases; [4] the time of most frequent occurrence of TIDs as a function of season is the same at both solar epochs except during equinox (Soicher, 1988). Van Velthoven (1990) showed that this is probably not the case: the most frequent occurrence showed a shift to hours around sunrise at solar minimum; [5] the phase of the diurnal variation where TIDs occur most frequently is the same for both solar epochs (Soicher, 1988); [6] the magnitude of TIDs is normally larger at solar maximum than at solar minimum in all seasons (Kelder and Spoelstra, 1987;Soicher, 1988;Van Velthoven, 1990); [7] the time rate of change of TIDs is larger at solar maximum than at solar minimum in all seasons (Soicher, 1988); [8] the maximum of TIDs is larger in winter than in summer (Van Velthoven, 1990).…”

Section: Climatology Of Ionospheric Irregularitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…et a1 (1986) The FPE convention C'(x) and local dispersion C' ' (X) coefficients define the integrand of the action functional (2), which is usually named the Onsager-Machlup lagrangian (OML) where C, are the components of the matrix reversed to the matrix of the FPE dispersion coeffient; C = I C,,! ; R is the scalar curvature [5];…”

Section: Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the 23.8 GHz frequency is influenced more by the water vapor, the 31. 5 GHz frequency depends more on the liquid. The two chosen frequencies for the water vapor radiometer (WVR) minimize the effect of liquid water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Refraction of transatmospheric signals in geodesy. Proceedings of the symposium

1992

Publications on Geodesy

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It is with great pleasure that the Netherlands Geodetic Commission presents the proceedings of the "Symposium on Refraction of Transatmospheric Signals in Geodesy".Already in 1878 when the famous geodesist Heinrich Bruns formulated his grand view of the determination of the figure of the earth, he identified atmospheric refraction as main obstacle in its realisation. Despite of the enormous technological progress, the use of active microwave sensors, the introduction of modern space techniques and a much better understanding of the geometry and physics of the atmosphere, refraction is still a major limitation, although on a much higher level of precision than at Bruns' time. Hence still better atmospheric sensors and models need to be developed. But we also know that what is ones noise is the others signal. In recent years due to the enormous progress in computer modelling and due to an abundance of recorded measurements through the atmosphere it becomes feasible to determine the physical structure of atmosphere by inverse methods.With this duality in mind T.A.Th. Spoelstra took the initiative to bring together scientists concerned with these subjects and in particular the members of the IAG Special Study Group 4.93 on "wave propagation in refractive media". After consultation with F.K. Brunner and a few others it was decided to organize this symposium. We are glad to notice that a large number of outstanding scientists followed the invitation.The Netherlands Geodetic Commission thanks Mr. Spoelstra and all members of the organizing committees for the preparations and all advices owing to which we hope and expect the symposium will become a success.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Climatology Of Ionospheric Irregularitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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