Growing apart? The Persistence of Inequality in Chile, 1964 – 2010

Kennedy, Colin M.; Murray, Warwick E.

doi:10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-2012-23-supplement-2-002

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Although full privatisation of education was not implemented, many countries undertook reforms to education creating more space for private providers. For example, Chile represented perhaps the closest example of a strongly neoliberal (privatised and for profit) educational system with private education institutions and the payment of student fees growing significantly prior to 2010 when public protests against the high cost of education forced a policy reversal (Kennedy and Murray, 2012).…”

Section: Neoliberalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning journeys: Five paradigms of education for development

Overton

Stupples

Murray

et al. 2020

Asia Pacific Viewpoint

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Education is one of the key objectives of, and means for, development. Its value is widely accepted though we rarely investigate the way different theories of development inform widely differing justifications and strategies for education. This article explores some of these issues and proposes five main paradigms regarding the education-development nexus. These we term neoliberalism, retroliberalism, neostructuralism, place-based and radical. Each is linked to particular concepts of development, each involves certain forms of education, and each is linked to particular policy discourses. Although these are largely abstract paradigms and in practice we see more hybridised forms co-existing, we consider implications of each paradigm for education with examples from Oceania.

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Section: Neoliberalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning journeys: Five paradigms of education for development

Overton

Stupples

Murray

et al. 2020

Asia Pacific Viewpoint

Self Cite

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“…Regrettably, macroeconomic successes have not necessarily correlated to socioeconomic improvements in inequality indices. Antithetically, despite neoliberalism's idyllic promise of promoting development, social inequality has appeared to worsen in Chile (Kennedy & Murray, 2012). The disconcerting circumstances have prompted questions of sustainability, both environmental and social, as Chile continues its attempts to meet Northern capitalist demands.…”

Section: Selection Of Field Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As fair trade continues to garner momentum and popularity, there is concern that the proliferating standards and fair trade certifications may be overwhelming for consumers (Nelson et al, 2014) (Kennedy & Murray, 2012). However, since the 1960s, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has reported significant progress in Latin American quality-of-life indicators (Kennedy & Murray, 2012).…”

Section: Criticisms Of Fair Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development of export agriculture has continued to be fundamental to the gap between economic beneficiaries and marginalised groups has continued to widen (Kennedy & Murray, 2012). A power imbalance has emerged as not all have experienced the benefits of the neoliberal economy (Murray, 2002).…”

Section: Macroeconomic Development and Social Inequalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The emergence of novel female labour demands has challenged the "machista ideology" or, men's perceived role as the sole income earner for the household (Bee & Vogel, 1997, p. 89). Although the employment impacts of neoliberalism have challenged this division, Chile remains far from an depiction of gender equality (Kennedy & Murray, 2012). Pinochet's neoliberal policies have particularly neglected the needs of female agricultural workers (Gómez-Barris, 2016).…”

Section: Historical Roots and Machista Ideologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Uncovering the Gender Agenda - The Impacts of Fair Trade on Gender Relations in Chile

Chapman¹

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<p>Neoliberalism has perpetuated social inequality on a global scale. Augusto Pinochet’s neoliberal experiment would have significant repercussions on Chilean society. The evolution of export agriculture propelled Chile to economic success; a pioneer for the Latin American region. Unfortunately, macroeconomic advancements did not correlate to improvements in social equality. Fair trade, an alternative economic model, emerged in response to these growing inequalities. The movement promotes a more equitable distribution of wealth, despite operating within the neoliberal economy. Furthermore, the movement represents a promise of improved livelihoods to the producers and communities which have been marginalised by the predominant neoliberal system. The application of fair trade across Latin America has been extensive. In response to increased consumer demands, the range and volume of fair trade initiatives has continued to flourish. Chilean fair trade has demonstrated incredible potential through promoting improvements in labour conditions and community development. Furthermore, the low numbers of fair trade participants have proven beneficial in minimising opportunities for corruption. However, a lack of awareness has remained the largest barrier to future fair trade expansion in Chile. One of the most significant, yet controversial consequences of the export evolution was the emergence of the temporera labour force. Despite associations with severe labour abuses, temporera employment has improved significantly over the past thirty years. The temporeras of El Palqui have attributed these remarkable improvements to increased government support and union representation. Unfortunately, gender inequality continues to plague Chile, both within agriculture and on a national scale. Fair trades clauses on gender equality have demonstrated incredible potential to influence and improve gender relations in Chile. Collaboration between fair trade, alternative ethical trading initiatives, civil society and government appears to be particularly promising. Cooperation between these institutions holds the potential to transform opportunities for female exploitation into opportunities for their empowerment.</p>

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