Growth age of mountain cultivated ginseng affects its chemical composition

Guo, Na; Yang, Yiqing; Yang, Xiaofang; Guan, Yongxia; Yang, Jiaying; Quan, Jianye; Han, Yan; Hou, W. W. u; Zhang, Guimin

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113531

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis is a key step in the synthesis of ginsenosides for ginseng [ 32 ]. Previous studies had reported 15 years represented a turning point in the maturation of ginseng growth and the accumulation of these bioactive components in ginseng, moreover, most ginsenosides accumulated during years 5–15 and decreased after 15 years [ 33 ]. This might be related to the low expression of terpenoid backbone biosynthesis genes in ginseng that had been grown for more than 15 years (PHQH), resulting low ginsenosides content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of growth years on ginsenoside biosynthesis of wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng

et al. 2022

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Background Ginsenoside, as the main active substance in ginseng, has the function of treating various diseases. However, the ginsenosides content of cultivated ginseng is obviously affected by the growth years, but the molecular mechanism is not clear. In addition, there are significant differences in morphology and physiology between wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng, and the effect of growth years on ginsenoside synthesis not yet understood in wild ginseng. Results Transcriptome sequencing on the roots, stems and leaves of cultivated ginseng and wild ginseng with different growth years was performed in this study, exploring the effect of growth years on gene expression in ginseng. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from comparison groups in cultivated ginseng was higher than that in wild ginseng. The result of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that growth years significantly affected the gene expression of Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis pathway in cultivated ginseng, but had no effects in wild ginseng. Furthermore, the growth years had significant effects on the genes related to ginsenoside synthesis in cultivated ginseng, and the effects were different in the roots, stems and leaves. However, it had little influence on the expression of genes related to ginsenoside synthesis in wild ginseng. Growth years might affect the expression of genes for ginsenoside synthesis by influencing the expression of these transcription factors (TFs), like my elob lastosis (MYB), NAM, ATAF1 and 2, and CUC2 (NAC), APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF), basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and WRKY, etc., thereby affecting the content of ginsenosides. Conclusions This study complemented the gaps in the genetic information of wild ginseng in different growth periods and helped to clarify the potential mechanisms of the effect of growth years on the physiological state in wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng, which also provided a new insight into the mechanism of ginsenoside regulation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of growth years on ginsenoside biosynthesis of wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng

et al. 2022

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“…This raw material also contains polysaccharides, peptidoglycans (panaxans A-U), polyacetylenes, essential oil, sesquiterpene alcohols, sterols, flavonols, and phenolacids. Moreover, the activity of wild-growing ginseng is higher than plantation ginseng [171][172][173].…”

Section: Ginseng (Panax Ginseng Cameyer)mentioning

confidence: 95%

Some Common Medicinal Plants with Antidiabetic Activity, Known and Available in Europe (A Mini-Review)

Przeor

2022

Pharmaceuticals

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Diabetes is a metabolic disease that affected 9.3% of adults worldwide in 2019. Its co-occurrence is suspected to increase mortality from COVID-19. The treatment of diabetes is mainly based on the long-term use of pharmacological agents, often expensive and causing unpleasant side effects. There is an alarming increase in the number of pharmaceuticals taken in Europe. The aim of this paper is to concisely collect information concerning the few antidiabetic or hypoglycaemic raw plant materials that are present in the consciousness of Europeans and relatively easily accessible to them on the market and sometimes even grown on European plantations. The following raw materials are discussed in this mini-review: Morus alba L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum J.Presl, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., and Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer in terms of scientifically tested antidiabetic activity and the presence of characteristic biologically active compounds and their specific properties, including antioxidant properties. The characteristics of these raw materials are based on in vitro as well as in vivo studies: on animals and in clinical studies. In addition, for each plant, the possibility to use certain morphological elements in the light of EFSA legislation is given.

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“…For instance, morphology, as the most traditional method, is efficient and simple, but it lacks objective criteria and different experts may give different conclusions [14]. Quantification of the main components using the liquid chromatogram can objectively find the differences between the ages, but the quantification has a high demand for content, and due to the complexity of the composition of ginseng, it is difficult to explore the differentiation of the key components [15]. Few studies on MCG age differentiation have been reported to date, with most of the existing studies using metabolomics and content determination strategies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolomics approach to growth‐age discrimination in mountain‐cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

Chen,

Zhang,

Jiang

et al. 2023

J of Separation Science

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Mountain‐cultivated ginseng is typically harvested after 10 years, while ginseng aged over 15 years is considered wild ginseng. This study aims to differentiate mountain‐cultivated ginseng by age, as the fraudulent practice of selling low‐aged cultivated ginseng disguised as high‐aged one is damaging the market. In this study, LC‐MS analyzed 98 ginseng samples, and multivariate statistical analysis identified patterns between samples to select influential components. Machine learning models were developed to identify ginseng samples of different ages. The untargeted metabolomic analysis clearly divided samples aged 4‐20 years into three age groups. Twenty‐two potential age‐dependent biomarkers were discovered to differentiate the three sample groups. Three machine learning models were used to predict new samples, and the optimal model was selected. Some biomarkers could determine age phases according to the differentiation of mountain‐cultivated ginseng samples. These biomarkers were thoroughly analyzed for variation trends. The machine learning models established using the screened biomarkers successfully predicted the age group of new samples.

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Growth age of mountain cultivated ginseng affects its chemical composition

Cited by 12 publications

References 27 publications

Effects of growth years on ginsenoside biosynthesis of wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng

Effects of growth years on ginsenoside biosynthesis of wild ginseng and cultivated ginseng

Some Common Medicinal Plants with Antidiabetic Activity, Known and Available in Europe (A Mini-Review)

Metabolomics approach to growth‐age discrimination in mountain‐cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

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