As a key structural parameter, phase depicts the arrangement
of
atoms in materials. Normally, a nanomaterial exists in its thermodynamically
stable crystal phase. With the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials
with unconventional crystal phases, which rarely exist in their bulk
counterparts, or amorphous phase have been prepared using carefully
controlled reaction conditions. Together these methods are beginning
to enable phase engineering of nanomaterials (PEN),
i.e.
, the synthesis of nanomaterials with unconventional
phases and the transformation between different phases, to obtain
desired properties and functions. This Review summarizes the research
progress in the field of PEN. First, we present representative strategies
for the direct synthesis of unconventional phases and modulation of
phase transformation in diverse kinds of nanomaterials. We cover the
synthesis of nanomaterials ranging from metal nanostructures such
as Au, Ag, Cu, Pd, and Ru, and their alloys; metal oxides, borides,
and carbides; to transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and 2D layered
materials. We review synthesis and growth methods ranging from wet-chemical
reduction and seed-mediated epitaxial growth to chemical vapor deposition
(CVD), high pressure phase transformation, and electron and ion-beam
irradiation. After that, we summarize the significant influence of
phase on the various properties of unconventional-phase nanomaterials.
We also discuss the potential applications of the developed unconventional-phase
nanomaterials in different areas including catalysis, electrochemical
energy storage (batteries and supercapacitors), solar cells, optoelectronics,
and sensing. Finally, we discuss existing challenges and future research
directions in PEN.