Growth and characterization of the oxide scales and core/shell nanowires on Ti-6Al-4V particles during thermal oxidation

Growth of 1D TiO2 nanostructures on Ti substrates incorporated with residual stress through humid oxidation and their characterizations

“…To elucidate the effects of residual stress imposed by ball milling, the Ti-0h and Ti-20h particles were thermally Previously, the effects of residual stress on the growth of 1D nanostructures during thermal oxidation of Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) particles and plates were investigated and similar results were found [52,53]. It was observed that residual stress imposed by ball milling of Ti64 particles or hammering of Ti64 plates significantly enhanced the density of 1D nanostructures during thermal oxidation.…”

“…The details of the experimental setup are presented in Ref. [52,53]. In short, the quartz tube was connected through mass flow controller (MFCs: Sierra, C100L-CM-NR-2-0V1-SV1-PV2-V1) with a cylinder containing commercial Ar with 5 ppm O 2 as impurity.…”

“…The most significant advantages are being low-cost and scalability for the large scale production [54]. Moreover, while most of the other fabrication processes produce homogeneous single phase nanostructures, the thermal oxidation process provides the opportunity to grow core-shell hetero-structures [25,53]. The possibility of growing hetero-structures can be optimized by choosing proper alloying composition in the substrate [25,53], or by employing an oxidizing environment other than oxygen [31].…”

“…The presence of multi-layered oxides were observed beneath the 1D nanostructures during oxidation of metal oxides, such as Cu [57][58][59], Fe [60][61][62] and Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) [25,53]. Oxidation of these substrates resulted in the [52,53] nanostructures on Fe and Ti64 substrates, respectively. So far, no study has focused on the oxidation states of the oxide layer that forms beneath the 1D TiO 2 nanostructures during humid oxidation of Ti in oxygen deprived conditions.…”

Large scale and cost effective generation of 3D self-supporting oxide nanowire architectures by a top-down and bottom-up combined approach

“…Yet, it should be noted that the ultrafast laser direct writing is a unique technique with no apparent material dependence; meanwhile, thermal oxidation has been proved effective in synthesis different kinds of metal oxide nanowires. [37][38][39][40][41][42] In this regard, we anticipate the ultrafast laser hybrid manufacturing strategy to be also applicable in creating the 3D self-supporting multiscale architectures on other metal substrates. As illustrative instances, we implemented our strategy on substrates of titanium as well as its alloys.…”