Growth and Development of Homeothermy in Nestling European Shags (Phalacrocorax Aristotelis)

Østnes, Jan Eivind; Jenssen, Bjørn Munro; Bech, Claus

doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0983:gadohi]2.0.co;2

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The growth rate constants (K) of P. pygmeus and P. carbo sinensis found in this study were, respectively, 70% and 92% higher than expected from the allometric equation of Downloaded by [UNAM Ciudad Universitaria] Table 3 Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between morphological traits of pygmy cormorants (P. K as a function of asymptotic mass (A, in grams), Log K = -0.316 log A -0.017 (Starck and Ricklefs, 1998b), in accordance with previous findings in other cormorant species (Dunn, 1975;Ostnes et al, 2001). Moreover, the growth rate of body mass in P. pygmeus (K = 0.231 day -1 ) was higher than that of P. carbo sinensis (K = 0.163 day -1 ) and other larger cormorant species (Dunn, 1975;Ostnes et al, 2001).…”

Section: Developmental Rates Of the Two Cormorant Speciessupporting

confidence: 52%

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Developmental Rates and Morphometrics of the Sympatric Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax Pygmeus) and Great Cormorant (P. Carbo Sinensis)

Shmueli¹,

Arad²,

Katzir³

et al. 2003

Israel Journal of Zoology

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We compared growth rates and adult morphological traits in two sympatric cormorant species, the pygmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) and the great cormorant (P. carbo sinensis), in Israel. The smaller P. pygmeus exhibited higher developmental rates than P. carbo sinensis, as expressed in the growth rate constant (K) of body mass and of various body parts (bill, wing, tarsus, primaries, and tibia lengths). The consequences of the higher developmental rate of P. pygmeus are early fledging and a relatively low body mass of fledglings. We suggest that several proximate ecological and developmental factors such as risk of nest predation, body temperature regulation, and hydrodynamics act in concert to promote rapid development in chicks of P. pygmeus. However, the four-fold lower body mass of the adult P. pygmeus is probably the most important physiological constraint that might explain its rapid growth rate in comparison with P. carbo sinensis. The body mass and the size of various body parts of adult P. carbo sinensis are much higher than those of adult P. pygmeus. This difference in adult morphological attributes, together with the marked differences in growth rates between the two species, should be reflected in different ecological functions that promote ecological segregation between them. Therefore, the conservation policies and future practical solutions of the cormorant-fisheries conflict should be speciesspecific. 160 SHMUELI ET AL.Isr. J. Zool.

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Section: Developmental Rates Of the Two Cormorant Speciessupporting

confidence: 52%

“…** = 0.05 > p > 0.01. A faster tarsus growth and a slower wing growth relative to other organs were also found in other altricial birds (Kirkham and Montevecchi, 1982;Ostnes et al, 2001). Sample size is indicated in parentheses.…”

Section: Developmental Rates Of the Two Cormorant Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Rates and Morphometrics of the Sympatric Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax Pygmeus) and Great Cormorant (P. Carbo Sinensis)

Shmueli¹,

Arad²,

Katzir³

et al. 2003

Israel Journal of Zoology

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“…Mass-specific RMR is very high during this age period (Bech and Østnes, 1999;Østnes et al, 2001). We reveal whether nestling European shags exhibit any energy saving that can lessen the detrimental effects of reduced food intake during early development, and reveal how the nestlings allocated the energy between maintenance and growth.…”

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confidence: 80%

Developmental plasticity of physiology and morphology in diet-restricted European shag nestlings (Phalacrocorax aristotelis)

Moe

Brunvoll

Mork

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Growing animals may exhibit developmental plasticity as an adaptation to variability in the environmental conditions during development. We examined physiological and morphological responses to short-term food shortage of 12-16-day-old European shag nestlings kept under laboratory conditions. After 4·days on a weight maintenance diet, the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of diet-restricted nestlings was 36.5% lower compared with control fed nestlings, after controlling for body mass. This response was accompanied by a reduction in body temperature (T b ) and by reductions in the size of several visceral organs, muscles and lipid stores, while the overall structural growth was maintained almost in line with the age-specific growth rate of controls. Hence, the pattern of energy allocation reflected a very high priority to structural growth at the expense of visceral organs, lipid deposits and muscles. The reduced T b and size of the liver served as important physiological processes behind the observed reductions in RMR. We discuss the possible adaptive significance of this differential developmental plasticity during temporal food shortage. This is the first study of avian developmental plasticity to report substantial energy saving in combination with a high structural growth rate.

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“…Ectotherms, including most non-avian reptiles, tend to have a lower and more variable body temperature, and in cold environments they allow their metabolic rate to decrease and their body temperature to drop. The ability of endotherms to thermoregulate via metabolic means is not necessarily present in embryos and neonates; the capacity for endothermy develops over months in marsupial mammals ( Rose et al, 1998 ) and over hours or weeks in birds ( Whittow and Tazawa, 1991 ; Olson, 1992 , 1994 ; Østnes et al, 2001 ; Tortosa and Castro, 2003 ; Sirsat et al, 2016 ). To maintain their high and constant body temperature, endotherms must have a high resting metabolism, high peak metabolism, adequate insulation, and the neurological ‘wiring’ that drives an endothermic response to cold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dietz, PhD thesis, Utrecht University, 1995; Sirsat et al, 2016 ), disproportionate growth in skeletal muscle size ( Choi et al, 1993 ; M.W. Dietz, PhD thesis, Utrecht University, 1995; Olson, 2001 ; Østnes et al, 2001 ), increased myofibrillar ATPase activity ( Olson, 2001 ), and increased mass-specific catabolic capacity of muscles ( Grav et al, 1988 ; Choi et al, 1993 ; Olson, 2001 ). At the level of the mitochondria, the capacity for oxidative phosphorylation in heart and skeletal muscle increases ( Fongy et al, 2013 ; Sirsat et al, 2016 ) as does the density of mitochondria and cristae ( Grav et al, 1988 ; Eppley and Russell, 1995 ) during the transition to endothermy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-hatching development of mitochondrial function, organ mass and metabolic rate in two ectotherms, the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina)

Sirsat

Price

et al. 2016

Biology Open

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The ontogeny of endothermy in birds is associated with disproportionate growth of thermogenic organs and increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity. However, no similar study has been made of the development of these traits in ectotherms. For comparison, we therefore investigated the metabolism, growth and muscle mitochondrial function in hatchlings of a turtle and a crocodilian, two ectotherms that never develop endothermy. Metabolic rate did not increase substantially in either species by 30 days post-hatching. Yolk-free body mass and heart mass did not change through 30 days in alligators and heart mass was a constant proportion of body mass, even after 1 year. Yolk-free body mass and liver mass grew 36% and 27%, respectively, in turtles during the first 30 days post-hatch. The mass-specific oxidative phosphorylation capacity of mitochondria, assessed using permeabilized muscle fibers, increased by a non-significant 47% in alligator thigh and a non-significant 50% in turtle thigh over 30 days, but did not increase in the heart. This developmental trajectory of mitochondrial function is slower and shallower than that previously observed in ducks, which demonstrate a 90% increase in mass-specific oxidative phosphorylation capacity in thigh muscles over just a few days, a 60% increase in mass-specific oxidative phosphorylation capacity of the heart over a few days, and disproportionate growth of the heart and other organs. Our data thus support the hypothesis that these developmental changes in ducks represent mechanistic drivers for attaining endothermy.

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Growth and Development of Homeothermy in Nestling European Shags (Phalacrocorax Aristotelis)

Cited by 10 publications

References 48 publications

Developmental Rates and Morphometrics of the Sympatric Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax Pygmeus) and Great Cormorant (P. Carbo Sinensis)

Developmental Rates and Morphometrics of the Sympatric Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocorax Pygmeus) and Great Cormorant (P. Carbo Sinensis)

Developmental plasticity of physiology and morphology in diet-restricted European shag nestlings (Phalacrocorax aristotelis)

Post-hatching development of mitochondrial function, organ mass and metabolic rate in two ectotherms, the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina)

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