Growth and development of smooth bromegrass and tall fescue in TNT-contaminated soil

Krishnan, Gopal; Horst, Garald L.; Darnell, Stephanie J.; Powers, Wendy

doi:10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00126-8

Cited by 26 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…TNT is known to induce a toxic effect on different plant species affecting plant biomass growth (Krishnan et al 2000;Robidoux et al 2003). TNT toxicity was found to induce a diminution of photosynthetic activity as noticed for algae Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides (Altamirano et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Photosynthetic parameters as indicators of trinitrotoluene (TNT) inhibitory effect: Change in chlorophyll a fluorescence induction upon exposure of Lactuca sativa to TNT

et al. 2006

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Trinitrotoluene, as a compound of conventional explosive, may cause inhibitory effect on terrestrial plants. When Lactuca sativa was exposed to different concentrations of trinitrotoluene (32-1000 mg/kg), photosynthetic process was investigated by using rapid chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic and pulse modulated fluorometry. The decrease of chlorophyll a variable fluorescence was seen to be caused by the deactivation of photosystem II reaction centers. We found for rapid variable fluorescence to be a useful indicator to evaluate the inhibitory effect of trinitrotoluene on photosystem II primary photochemistry and electron transport. The fluorescence parameters, related to the reduction state of photosystem II and to non-photochemical dissipation of light energy, showed a strong relation between the inhibitory effect of photosystem II activity and concentration of trinitrotoluene. The change of photosynthetic fluorescence parameters induced by trinitrotoluene was a reliable indication of the plant physiological state. We proposed for the reduction state of photosystem II and the non-photochemical energy dissipation to be a useful tool in bioassay toxicity testing of trinitrotoluene polluted soil.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Photosynthetic parameters as indicators of trinitrotoluene (TNT) inhibitory effect: Change in chlorophyll a fluorescence induction upon exposure of Lactuca sativa to TNT

et al. 2006

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“…Explosives have been released into the environment from munitions production and processing facilities, and as buried unexploded ordinance (UXOs). Explosives and associated metabolites in the soil are absorbed by roots and may induce a toxic effect on growth and biomass that varies among species 1,2 . Although plants are considered as indicators of the general environment where they grow, both morphological and physiological characteristics are a function of integrated responses to multiple environmental variables.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fusing chlorophyll fluorescence and plant canopy reflectance to detect TNT contamination in soils

2010

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TNT is released into the soil from many different sources, especially from military and mining activities, including buried land mines. Vegetation may absorb explosive residuals, causing stress and by understanding how plants respond to energetic compounds, we may be able to develop non-invasive techniques to detect soil contamination. The objectives of our study were to examine the physiological response of plants grown in TNT contaminated soils and to use remote sensing methods to detect uptake in plant leaves and canopies in both laboratory and field studies. Differences in physiology and light-adapted fluorescence were apparent in laboratory plants grown in N enriched soils and when compared with plants grown in TNT contaminated soils. Several reflectance indices were able to detect TNT contamination prior to visible signs of stress, including the fluorescence-derived indices, R 740 /R 850 and R 735 /R 850 , which may be attributed to transformation and conjugation of TNT metabolites with other compounds. Field studies at the Duck, NC Field Research Facility revealed differences in physiological stress measures, and leaf and canopy reflectance when plants growing over suspected buried UXOs were compared with reference plants. Multiple reflectance indices indicated stress at the suspected contaminated sites, including R 740 /R 850 and R 735 /R 850 . Under natural conditions of constant leaching of TNT into the soil, TNT uptake would be continuous in plants, potentially creating a distinct signature from remotely sensed vegetation. We may be able to use remote sensing of plant canopies to detect TNT soil contamination prior to visible signs.

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“…Many studies have focused on seedling germination and early growth in TNT contaminated soils (Gong et al 1999;Robidoux et al 2003;Ali et al 2006), yet few studies investigate the effect of TNT on mature plants. Although it is well documented that reductions in biomass are a result of TNT exposure (Krishnan et al 2000;Robidoux et al 2003), research examining the physiological responses of these plants are limited, particularly to studies of plants grown in culture or hydroponic solutions, which do not translate as readily to field application. By investigating the effect of TNT on a variety of species at different phenological stages, we may be able to find methods for exploiting plants as sentinels to detect stress caused by landmines that are likely leaching chemicals into the soil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remote detection of plant physiological responses to TNT soil contamination

Naumann¹,

Anderson²,

Young

2009

Plant Soil

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Our study was aimed at understanding physiological responses to trinitrotoluene (TNT) soil contamination, and using optical methods to detect TNT-induced stress in a woody plant prior to visible changes. Myrica cerifera plants were potted in soil concentrations of TNT ranging from 30-500 mg kg −1 . Physiological measurements were significantly affected by TNT exposure at all treatment levels, and photosynthetic decline likely resulted from metabolic impairment rather than stomatal closure as the experiment progressed. Several reflectance indices were able to detect TNT-induced stress before any changes in chlorophyll concentrations occurred. The most sensitive index was the simple ratio R 761 /R 757 which is linked to fluorescence in-filling of the 0 2 atmospheric absorption. Changes at R 740 /R 850 and R 735 /R 850 may be attributed to both fluorescence and structural characteristics of leaf anatomy in the near infrared region. This could have been influenced by transformation and conjugation of TNT metabolites with other compounds. chlorophyll index (CHL) or in the water band index (WBI 970 ), which are indices typically associated with drought stress, and may provide a means of separating stress due to explosives. Further studies need to be conducted with a combination of stressors (TNT and natural) to determine if responses are in fact generalized or if any of these changes are separable from natural stress. AbbreviationsTNT Trinitrotoluene PPFD photosynthetic photon flux density g wv stomatal conductance A Net net photosynthetic rate F o minimal fluorescence in dark-adapted leaves F m maximal fluorescence in dark-adapted leaves F v /F m maximum quantum use efficiency of PSII in the dark-adapted state F′ o minimal fluorescence in light-adapted leaves F′ m maximal fluorescence in light-adapted leaves F s steady-state fluorescence ΔF/F′ m, fraction of absorbed photons that are used for photochemistry in a light-adapted leaf F′ v /F′ m effective quantum use efficiency of PSII in the light-adapted state PSII photosystem II WBI water band index Plant Soil (

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Growth and development of smooth bromegrass and tall fescue in TNT-contaminated soil

Cited by 26 publications

References 20 publications

Photosynthetic parameters as indicators of trinitrotoluene (TNT) inhibitory effect: Change in chlorophyll a fluorescence induction upon exposure of Lactuca sativa to TNT

Photosynthetic parameters as indicators of trinitrotoluene (TNT) inhibitory effect: Change in chlorophyll a fluorescence induction upon exposure of Lactuca sativa to TNT

Fusing chlorophyll fluorescence and plant canopy reflectance to detect TNT contamination in soils

Remote detection of plant physiological responses to TNT soil contamination

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