Growth and Form of Rippled Icicles

Demmenie, Menno; Reus, Lars; Kolpakov, Paul; Woutersen, Sander; Bonn, Daniel; Shahidzadeh, Noushine

doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.19.024005

Phys. Rev. Applied

2023

DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.19.024005

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Growth and Form of Rippled Icicles

Menno Demmenie

Lars Reus²,

Paul Kolpakov³

et al.

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Cited by 3 publications

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On icicle ripples

Worster

2024

J Eng Math

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Natural icicles have an overall conical shape modulated by surface ripples. It has been noted from many observations of icicles formed in nature and in the laboratory that the wavelength of the ripples has a very narrow spectrum between about 8 and 12 mm and that, as time evolves, the phase of the ripples migrates upwards. In this pedagogical review, I explore some of the physical mechanisms that can cause and mediate the formation and migration of ripples on icicles using simple mathematical models. To keep the mathematics more straightforward and transparent, I confine attention to two dimensions. A key physical parameter is the surface tension between the film of water that coats an icicle and the air that surrounds it, which causes a phase shift between the film–air interface and the ice–film interface. I show that the wavelength of ripples is dominantly proportional to the cube root of the square of the gravity-capillary length times the thickness of the water film. At high film-flow rates, advection-dominated heat transfer coupled with the interfacial phase shift becomes the dominant driver of instability. Gibbs–Thomson undercooling provides an unexpectedly large stabilisation of small wavelengths at these large flow rates, sufficient to maintain wavelength selection at millimetre scales.

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On icicle ripples

Worster

2024

J Eng Math

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Reversible Color Loss in Aqueous Methyl Orange Solutions Induced by Freezing

Tague,

Schutt,

Shukla

et al. 2024

J. Phys. Chem. C

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Aqueous methyl orange (MO) solutions were observed to lose color upon freezing, forming clear ice specimens for some concentrations and pH values. When they were melted back to liquid, the solutions regained their original color intensity. UV−vis spectroscopy was performed on MO samples across a pH range of 1−13 and 10 μM to 1 mM concentration. The loss of visible range absorption was primarily observed from pH 5−13 in solutions with an MO concentration of 10 μM. Density functional theory calculations indicated that the protonation state and stacking arrangement do not account for the loss of visible absorption. Molecular dynamics calculations show that MO interaction energies favor association of the MO molecules with themselves rather than H 2 O molecules in water or ice. Confocal microscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed that upon freezing, MO concentrated into precipitates that are invisible to the naked eye. The concentration of solutes in the ice microstructure is consistent with the freeze concentration effect; however, we observed precipitates dispersed throughout the entire ice microstructure, both at ice grain boundaries and within the interior of individual ice grains. We report similar observations for methylene blue. In combination, our experimental and computational results indicate that the color loss of aqueous dye solutions upon freezing in ice may be governed by a precipitation mechanism.

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Why icicles have ribs

2023

Nature

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Growth and Form of Rippled Icicles

Cited by 3 publications

References 24 publications

On icicle ripples

On icicle ripples

Reversible Color Loss in Aqueous Methyl Orange Solutions Induced by Freezing

Why icicles have ribs

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