Growth and Maintenance of Wolbachia in Insect Cell Lines

Fallon, Ann M.

doi:10.3390/insects12080706

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Additionally, progress may be enabled using cell culture models. Although isolated cultivation of most heritable symbionts is not successful [ 66 ], Wolbachia at least can be cultivated by in vitro cell culture (reviewed in [ 67 ]) or ex vivo organ culture [ 68 ], and other heritable symbionts can also be maintained in this way. By this process, it has recently been discovered that in cell lines established from O. scapulalis males, the splicing pattern of dsx can be altered from male-type to female-type by MK Wobachia but not by non-MK Wolbachia , recapitulating the pattern seen within the insect.…”

Section: Concluding Remarks and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex determination systems as the interface between male-killing bacteria and their hosts

2022

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Arthropods host a range of sex-ratio-distorting selfish elements, including diverse maternally inherited endosymbionts that solely kill infected males. Male-killing heritable microbes are common, reach high frequency, but until recently have been poorly understood in terms of the host–microbe interaction. Additionally, while male killing should generate strong selection for host resistance, evidence of this has been scant. The interface of the microbe with host sex determination is integral to the understanding of how death is sex limited and how hosts can evolve evasion of male killing. We first review current knowledge of the mechanisms diverse endosymbionts use to induce male-specific death. We then examine recent evidence that these agents do produce intense selection for host nuclear suppressor elements. We argue, from our understanding of male-killing mechanisms, that suppression will commonly involve evolution of the host sex determination pathways and that the host's response to male-killing microbes thus represents an unrecognized driver of the diversity of arthropod sex determination. Further work is required to identify the genes and mechanisms responsible for male-killing suppression, which will both determine the components of sex determination (or other) systems associated with suppressor evolution, and allow insight into the mechanism of male killing itself.

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Section: Concluding Remarks and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex determination systems as the interface between male-killing bacteria and their hosts

2022

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“…The new insect cell lines and cultured Wolbachia strains reported in the present study will facilitate research not only into interactions between the parent arthropods and the bacteria at the cellular level but, also, into human and veterinary pathogens carried by C. pipiens, P. papatasi and L. longipalpis and the influence of Wolbachia on their transmission [89,90].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Isolation in Natural Host Cell Lines of Wolbachia Strains wPip from the Mosquito Culex pipiens and wPap from the Sand Fly Phlebotomus papatasi

Bell‐Sakyi

Beliavskaia

Hartley

et al. 2021

Insects

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Endosymbiotic intracellular bacteria of the genus Wolbachia are harboured by many species of invertebrates. They display a wide range of developmental, metabolic and nutritional interactions with their hosts and may impact the transmission of arboviruses and protozoan parasites. Wolbachia have occasionally been isolated during insect cell line generation. Here, we report the isolation of two strains of Wolbachia, wPip and wPap, during cell line generation from their respective hosts, the mosquito Culex pipiens and the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi. wPip was pathogenic for both new C. pipiens cell lines, CPE/LULS50 and CLP/LULS56, requiring tetracycline treatment to rescue the lines. In contrast, wPap was tolerated by the P. papatasi cell line PPL/LULS49, although tetracycline treatment was applied to generate a Wolbachia-free subline. Both Wolbachia strains were infective for a panel of heterologous insect and tick cell lines, including two novel lines generated from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, LLE/LULS45 and LLL/LULS52. In all cases, wPip was more pathogenic for the host cells than wPap. These newly isolated Wolbachia strains, and the novel mosquito and sand fly cell lines reported here, will add to the resources available for research on host–endosymbiont relationships, as well as on C. pipiens, P. papatasi, L. longipalpis and the pathogens that they transmit.

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“…Since Wolbachia from filarial worms have not been adapted to cell lines, the JW-18 infection has been used to screen for anti-filarial drugs [ 99 ]. A small number of Wolbachia strains have been introduced into various insect cell lines, including the Aa23T line, from which the endogenous Wolbachia were removed using tetracycline [ 100 ].…”

Section: Wolbachia In Cultured Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Mosquito Ovaries to Ecdysone; from Ecdysone to Wolbachia: One Woman’s Career in Insect Biology

Fallon

2022

Insects

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In anautogenous mosquitoes, synchronous development of terminal ovarian follicles after a blood meal provides an important model for studies on insect reproduction. Removal and implantation of ovaries, in vitro culture of dissected tissues and immunological assays for vitellogenin synthesis by the fat body showed that the Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera, Culicidae) mosquito ovary produces a factor essential for egg production. The discovery that the ovarian factor was the insect steroid hormone, ecdysone, provided a model for co-option of the larval hormones as reproductive hormones in adult insects. In later work on cultured mosquito cells, ecdysone was shown to arrest the cell cycle, resulting in an accumulation of diploid cells in G1, prior to initiation of DNA synthesis. Some mosquito species, such as Culex pipiens L. (Diptera, Culicidae), harbor the obligate intracellular bacterium, Wolbachia pipientis Hertig (Rickettsiales, Anaplasmataceae), in their reproductive tissues. When maintained in mosquito cell lines, Wolbachia abundance increases in ecdysone-arrested cells. This observation facilitated the recovery of high levels of Wolbachia from cultured cells for microinjection and genetic manipulation. In female Culex pipiens, it will be of interest to explore how hormonal cues that support initiation and progression of the vitellogenic cycle influence Wolbachia replication and transmission to subsequent generations via infected eggs.

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Growth and Maintenance of Wolbachia in Insect Cell Lines

Cited by 13 publications

References 104 publications

Sex determination systems as the interface between male-killing bacteria and their hosts

Sex determination systems as the interface between male-killing bacteria and their hosts

Isolation in Natural Host Cell Lines of Wolbachia Strains wPip from the Mosquito Culex pipiens and wPap from the Sand Fly Phlebotomus papatasi

From Mosquito Ovaries to Ecdysone; from Ecdysone to Wolbachia: One Woman’s Career in Insect Biology

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