Growth curves and the international standard: How children's growth reflects challenging conditions in rural Timor‐Leste

Spencer, Phoebe R.; Sanders, Katherine; Judge, Debra S.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.23350

Cited by 17 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…As such, consideration of trends in both height and BMI may provide valuable complementary insights. This is confirmed by Spencer et al (2017), who find a divergence in trends for HAZ and BAZ scores (BMI-for-age z-scores) in two rural communities in Timor-Leste, calculated with reference to WHO (World Health Organization) charts. 5…”

Section: Existing Literaturesupporting

confidence: 52%

Identifying Catch-Up Trajectories in Child Growth: New Methods with Evidence from Young Lives

Jones¹,

Behrman²,

Dang³

et al. 2018

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The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

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Section: Existing Literaturesupporting

confidence: 52%

Identifying Catch-Up Trajectories in Child Growth: New Methods with Evidence from Young Lives

Jones¹,

Behrman²,

Dang³

et al. 2018

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“…We found no other relationships between activity and growth. The inclusion of activity in the model resulted in no effect of sex of the child on growth (in contrast to all previous work in these populations; Sanders et al, ; Spencer et al, , ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Equal activity suggests males may be moderating their physical activity relative to biological norms. Timorese males consistently have poorer growth than do females (Reghupathy et al, ; Sanders et al, ; Spencer et al, ). We have previously hypothesized that the sex difference in growth is due to either higher male activity level, or increased male susceptibility to disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Timorese girls experienced a steeper decline in activity with age than did boys, which contrasts with other studies' findings that the decline is greater in males (Sallis, ; Trost et al, ). In a larger sample of the children in these communities, female BMI increases considerably more than male BMI between the ages of 5 and 15 (Spencer et al, ). Thus, females can recoup body mass at older ages through a decrease in activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In rural Timor‐Leste, child growth is well below international standards (National Statistics Directorate [Timor‐Leste], Ministry of Finance, & ICF Macro, ; Reghupathy, Judge, Sanders, Amaral, & Schmitt, ; Sanders, Judge, Pauli, Amaral, & Schmitt, ; Spencer, Sanders, & Judge, ). Most households grow food for their own consumption; however, participation in a cash economy is also possible for some through small business ownership and salaried work (Spencer, Sanders, & Judge, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determinants of objectively measured physical activity in rural East Timorese children

Spencer

Sanders

Judge

2019

American J Hum Biol

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Objectives: The human juvenile period evolved as a period of learning and physical development in a family environment that subsidizes the costs of these processes.Children allocate energy to physical activity, maintenance, and growth. How energy is allocated has consequences for adult body size and other life-history traits. In subsistence agriculture populations, where child contributions to the household economy are common and energy availability is low, trade-offs in energy expenditure between activity and growth may help explain poor growth. Methods: Using accelerometry, we measured physical activity over 2 years in 88 free-living children aged 5-19 years in two ecologically varying communities in rural Timor-Leste. We model characteristics related to variation in activity, and subsequently, activity is modeled against growth, illness, and aspects of household and local ecology using linear mixed models. Results: Physical activity in Timorese children is characterized by high levels of moderate ( x = 8.8 h/day), no sustained vigorous, and little sedentary activity ( x = 4.6 h/day). Children in the mountainous community show a slight trade-off between activity and growth (P = .077). Males down-regulate both growth and activity relative to females. Variation in household characteristics does not predict child activity. Both activity and growth are lower in the mountainous community than in the flat, coastal community. Conclusions: Household demands on child behavior may constrain children's ability to moderate activity relative to nutritional status. Activity in this population is high relative to other subsistence populations, possibly because children face the dual pressures of contributing to household subsistence and attending school.

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Rural Livelihood Variation and its Effects on Child Growth in Timor-Leste

2018

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Growth curves and the international standard: How children's growth reflects challenging conditions in rural Timor‐Leste

Cited by 17 publications

References 47 publications

Identifying Catch-Up Trajectories in Child Growth: New Methods with Evidence from Young Lives

Identifying Catch-Up Trajectories in Child Growth: New Methods with Evidence from Young Lives

Determinants of objectively measured physical activity in rural East Timorese children

Rural Livelihood Variation and its Effects on Child Growth in Timor-Leste

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