“…However, the previous literature mainly focus on the macro side effects of globalization through concentrating on national economic factors (Dreher 2006, Rao et al 2011), entrepreneurship (Vining and De Kluijver 2007, life satisfaction (Hessami 2011) and human welfare (Tsai 2007), unionization (Dreher and Gaston 2007), political (Leibrecht et al 2011) and environmental issues (Lamla 2009), military interstate disputes (Choi 2010) etc., or nest the productivity and pass-through literatures spanning industrial organization, international trade, and international macro (De Loecker and Goldberg 2014) with a dearth on the ultimate financial outcomes of firm level effects. Among the highly limited past empirical research in the finance literature, Acheampong et al (2004) examined the profitability adjustment patterns of global firms and tested whether globalization equalizes speeds of profitability adjustment.…”