Growth Factors in the Collateral Circulation of Chronic Total Coronary Occlusions

Abstract

In CTOs, the continuous release of bFGF into collaterals showed a close relation to the duration of occlusion and collateral function, which underscores its therapeutic potential. Other factors influencing growth factor release appeared to be shear stress for MCP-1, TGF-beta, and PlGF and the presence of diabetes.

The relationship between gamma-glutamyltransferase and coronary collateral circulation in patients with chronic total occlusion

“…In case of severe stenosis, the pressure difference between coronary artery with Data are presented as mean±SD *t-test for independent samples ALT -alanine aminotransferase; AST -aspartate aminotransferase; hs-CRP-C-reactive protein; GGT -gamma-glutamyltransferase; UA -uric acid; WBC -white blood cell severe stenosis and normal coronary artery increases blood flow of the embryonic arterial network and activates certain growth factors and endothelial cells, which facilitates the opening of collateral vessels (26). Many clinical studies have demonstrated a positive association between plasma growth factors and the presence of collaterals (7,27). Chronic hypoxia leads to the activation of both angiogenesis and arteriogenesis resulting in the collateral vessels to restore blood flow to the ischemic territory (28).…”

“…Patients with chronic ischemic heart disease and similar degrees of coronary artery stenosis exhibit marked variability in the presence of spontaneously visible collaterals, but the biological basis of this heterogeneity is not known (5). Studies have suggested that growth factors and healthy endothelium are important for development of collateral vessels (6,7).…”

Plaque Angiogenesis Versus Compensatory Arteriogenesis in Atherosclerosis

“…As reported by Werner et al, in 104 patients with chronic total coronary occlusion, the FGF2 concentration in the collateralized arteries was higher than in the aortic root. 16 FGF2, its concentrations highest in recent occlusions (2 to12 weeks), which have the highest collateral resistance index, is the only growth factor that exhibits a close relation to the duration of occlusion and collateral function. 16 FGF2 does not have a role in producing immature vessels with increased permeability, although that does not exclude VEGF's participation in establishing a new vascular network that includes capillaries.…”

“…16 FGF2, its concentrations highest in recent occlusions (2 to12 weeks), which have the highest collateral resistance index, is the only growth factor that exhibits a close relation to the duration of occlusion and collateral function. 16 FGF2 does not have a role in producing immature vessels with increased permeability, although that does not exclude VEGF's participation in establishing a new vascular network that includes capillaries. Both FGF2 and VEGF are known for their ability to promote endothelial cell proliferation and migration and to stimulate tube formation by means of activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway.…”

Vascular Progenitor Cells in Diabetes Mellitus

“…Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)2, whose participation in CD133 ϩ cell-related Wnt signaling is not discussed in the present study, is more closely related to compensatory vasculogenesis. 17 Because FGF2 and VEGF are both critical to tissue repair, 13 it is important to examine how diabetes mellitus modulates angiogenic activities regulated by these growth factors.…”