Growth Habits of the Vegetative Apple Rootstock Mm 106 After Treatment With Some Soil Herbicides Under in Vitro Conditions

Abstract

The strong susceptibility of the fruit species used as rootstocks to herbicide application necessitated the studies on the vegetative habits and physiological status of the plants with the aim of optimizing the weed control in the production of certified fruit planting material. The aim of the present study was to develop an in vitro test system for preliminary screening of the effect of some soil herbicides on the growth habits of vegetative apple rootstocks. Micropropagated and rooted plants of apple rootstock ММ 106 (root length about 10 mm) were treated with the soil herbicides pendimethalin and napropamid. The following variants were set for the experiment: 1. Control (untreated); 2. Pendimethalin-Stomp 33 EC-4.0 L/ha; 3. Pendimethalin-Stomp 33 EC-6.0 L/ha; 4. Napropamid-Devrinol 4F-4.0 L/ha; 5. Napropamid-Devrinol 4F-4.0 L/ha. The rates of the respective herbicides were recalculated according to the area of the cultural vessel. In both variants with napropamid applied appearance of necrosis in the root tips was observed on the 7 th day. On the 14 th and 21 st days those symptoms were much more expressed and stem growth suppression was also reported. It was established that pendimethalin and napropamid depressed the stem and root growth of the treated plants. The inhibiting effect of napropamid on those characteristics was expressed even more strongly. Both soil herbicides did not exert any significant effect on the mean number of roots per plant. The application of those herbicides was the reason for the lower content of leaf pigments (chlorophyll а, β, а+β and carotenoids), the strongest depressing effect being reported after treatment with napropamid.

Possibilities of Applying Soil Herbicides in Fruit Nurseries – Phytotoxicity and Selectivity

“…That allowed admitting that the selectivity of the active substance pendimethalin was of a physical character (a direct contact with the germinating seeds when they had been sown at a shallower depth) and of a physiological character (the type and the physiological stage of the plant development). Analogous results or results close to the model experiments with sand culture were obtained about the inhibiting effect or the lack of visual phytotoxicity of the soil herbicides napropamide, pendimethalin and terbacil under in vitro conditions in some vegetative rootstocks -GF-677, ММ 106 and Wangenheims (Prunus domestica), Rankova, et al, 2006a;Rankova, et al , 2006b;Rankova, et al, 2009). The highest values of biometric characteristics (thickness at the place of grafting and stem height) were reported in the plants of those variants.…”

Application of soil herbicides in gardening to improve fruit production

“…A comparative assessment of the biological effectiveness of the studied herbicides against the main species of weeds present in the experimental plots, annual and perennial dicotyledonous, annual cereal weeds is presented in Table 1. specialists in horticultural farms have been asking about the use of herbicides in fruit and berry plantations, nurseries (Audus, 1964;Kopytowski et al, 1999;Wocior et al, 1999;Gercheva et al, 2002;Rankova and Koumanov, 2004;Rankova et al, 2006Rankova et al, , 2009Rico et al, 2007;Hanson and Schneider, 2008;Popov and Rankova, 2009;Rankova, 2011;Nacheva et al, 2012;Rankova and Zhivondov, 2013;Egorov et al, 2017;Sedov et al, 2017). At the moment, in the Russian Federation, glyphosate products are allowed for use in orchards, for example, Roundup Max, BP (450 g/l glyphosate (in the form of isopropylamine salt)), Argument Star, BP (540 g/l glyphosate (potassium salt)), Glibel, BP (360 g/l glyphosate (as isopropylamine salt)).…”

Efficacy and Crop Safety of Soil Herbicides in the Fruit Nursery

“…Post-emergent applications are more risky because the plants often have some green organs and so spraying must be very accurate. Any damage depends on the fruit species, tolerance of rootstocks, graft variety and health status of the plant (Rankova, 2006;LeBude et al, 2007;Kviklys, 2009;Rankova, 2011;Rankova et al, 2016). Therefore, pre-emergent applications right after planting are preferred.…”