Growth Hormone Administration and Exercise Effects on Muscle Fiber Type and Diameter in Moderately Frail Older People

Hennessey, James V.; Chromiak, Joseph A.; DellaVentura, Shirley; Reinert, Steven E.; Puhl, Jacqueline L.; Kiel, Douglas P.; Rosen, Clifford J.; Vandenburgh, Herman H.; MacLean, David B.

doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49173.x

Cited by 85 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…12,37,38 A massive increase of distraction rate of above 1.4 mm per day leads to an up regulation of collagen type I, a development of fibrosis and decrease joint mobility in young animals. 10,11,[39][40][41] However, the nonoperated leg would show no significant increase of atrophy and inflammation score by an increase of load bearing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle response to leg lengthening during distraction osteogenesis

Thorey

Bruenger

Witte

2009

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Continuous lengthening of intact muscles during distraction osteogenesis leads to an increase of sarcomeres and enhances the regeneration of tendons and blood vessels. A high distraction rate leads to an excessive leg and muscle lengthening and might cause damages of muscle fibers with fibrosis, necrosis, and muscle weakness. Complications like muscle contractures or atrophy after postoperative immobilization emphazize the importance of muscles and their function in the clinical outcome. In an animal model of distraction osteogenesis, 18 sheep were operated with an external fixator followed by 4 days latency, 21 days distraction (1.25 mm per day) and 51 days consolidation. The anatomical location (gastrocnemius, peroneus tertius, and first flexor digitorum longus muscle), dimension and occurrence of muscular defects were characterized histologically. The callus formation and leg axis was monitored by weekly X-rays. Additionally, serum creatine kinase was analyzed during a distraction and consolidation period. Significant signs of muscle lesions in all three observed muscles can be found postoperatively, whereas normal callus formation and regular leg axis was observed radiologically. The peroneus tertius and first flexor digitorum longus muscles were found to have significantly more signs of fibrosis, inflammatory, and necrosis. Creatine kinase showed two peaks: 4 and 39 days postoperative as an indication of muscle damage and regeneration. The study implicates that muscle damages should be considered when a long-distance distraction osteogenesis is planned. The surgeon should consider these muscle responses and individually discuss a two-stage treatment or additional muscle tendon releases to minimize the risk of muscle damages. ß

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle response to leg lengthening during distraction osteogenesis

Thorey

Bruenger

Witte

2009

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…1); the interventions included strength training, endurance training, balance training, and multi-component exercises. Ten of these studies investigated the effects of multi-component exercise interventions, 15,17,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29] six studies investigated the effects of resistance training, [30][31][32][33][34][35] one study investigated the effects of endurance training combined with yoga, 36 and three studies investigated the effects of a Tai Chi intervention, which was considered to be a balance training intervention. [37][38][39] Assessment of risk of bias Risk of bias was evaluated according to the PRISMA recommendation.…”

Section: Inclusion Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Different Exercise Interventions on Risk of Falls, Gait Ability, and Balance in Physically Frail Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Cadore

Rodríguez‐Mañas

Sinclair

et al. 2013

Rejuvenation Research

714

406

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The aim of this review was to recommend training strategies that improve the functional capacity in physically frail older adults based on scientific literature, focusing specially in supervised exercise programs that improved muscle strength, fall risk, balance, and gait ability. Scielo, Science Citation Index, MEDLINE, Scopus, Sport Discus, and ScienceDirect databases were searched from 1990 to 2012. Studies must have mentioned the effects of exercise training on at least one of the following four parameters: Incidence of falls, gait, balance, and lowerbody strength. Twenty studies that investigated the effects of multi-component exercise training (10), resistance training (6), endurance training (1), and balance training (3) were included in the present revision. Ten trials investigated the effects of exercise on the incidence of falls in elderly with physical frailty. Seven of them have found a fewer falls incidence after physical training when compared with the control group. Eleven trials investigated the effects of exercise intervention on the gait ability. Six of them showed enhancements in the gait ability. Ten trials investigated the effects of exercise intervention on the balance performance and seven of them demonstrated enhanced balance. Thirteen trials investigated the effects of exercise intervention on the muscle strength and nine of them showed increases in the muscle strength. The multi-component exercise intervention composed by strength, endurance and balance training seems to be the best strategy to improve rate of falls, gait ability, balance, and strength performance in physically frail older adults.

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“…Lynch et al (25) reported that IGF-I treatment increased the proportion of type IIa and type IIb fibers and decreased the proportion of type I fibers in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of dystrophic mice. Hennessey et al (22) found that administration of recombinant growth hormone for 6 mo induced significant increases in IGF-I expression, which were associated with significant increases in muscle strength and in the proportion of type II fibers. Specific overexpression of IGF-I in striated muscles of transgenic mice was associated with a shift toward more oxidative fiber types [likely types IIa and IIx (16)].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skeletal muscle IGF-binding protein-3 and -5 expressions are age, muscle, and load dependent

Spangenburg

Abraha

Childs

et al. 2003

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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The purpose of the current study was to examine IGFBP-3, -4, and -5 mRNA and protein expression levels as a function of muscle type, age, and regrowth from an immobilization-induced atrophy in Fischer 344 × Brown Norway rats. IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in the 4-mo-old animals was significantly higher in the red and white portions of the gastrocnemius muscle compared with the soleus muscle. However, there were no significant differences in IGFBP-3 mRNA expression among any of the muscle groups in the 30-mo-old animals. There were no significant differences in IGFBP-5 mRNA expression in any of the muscle groups, whereas in the 30-mo-old animals there was significantly less IGFBP-5 mRNA expression in the white gastrocnemius compared with the red gastrocnemius muscles. Although IGFBP-3 and -5 proteins were detected in the type I soleus muscle with Western blot analyses, no detection was observed in the type II red and white portions of the gastrocnemius muscle. Aging from adult (18 mo) to old animals (30 mo) was associated with decreases in IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein and IGFBP-5 protein only in the soleus muscle. After 10 days of recovery from 10 days of hindlimb immobilization, IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein increased in soleus muscles from young (4-mo) rats; however, only IGFBP-3 protein increased in the old (30-mo) rats. Whereas there were no changes in IGFBP-5 mRNA expression during recovery, IGFBP-5 protein in the 10-day-recovery soleus muscle did increase in the young, but not in the old, rats. Because one of the functions of IGFBPs is to modulate IGF-I action on muscle size and phenotype, it is hypothesized that IGFBP-3 and -5 proteins may have potential modulatory roles in type I fiber-dominated muscles, aging, and regrowth from atrophy.

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Growth Hormone Administration and Exercise Effects on Muscle Fiber Type and Diameter in Moderately Frail Older People

Cited by 85 publications

References 28 publications

Muscle response to leg lengthening during distraction osteogenesis

Muscle response to leg lengthening during distraction osteogenesis

Effects of Different Exercise Interventions on Risk of Falls, Gait Ability, and Balance in Physically Frail Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Skeletal muscle IGF-binding protein-3 and -5 expressions are age, muscle, and load dependent

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