Growth Hormone Gene Regulation by &lt;i&gt;trans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;-&lt;/i&gt;Acting Factors

Gg, Rousseau

doi:10.1159/000182407

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Paracrine communication between gonadotropes, somatotropes, and corticotropes has been demonstrated (for review see Houben and Denef, 1994). The promoter sequence of the GH gene and possibly that of the POMC gene binds SP1 (Rousseau, 1992;Liu et al, 1995). Whether SP1 is expressed in somatotropes and corticotropes (or gonadotropes) has however not been examined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using the GH3 pituitary cell line as a model the interaction of SP1, SF-1, and Egr-1 has been delineated showing that the binding sites for these transcription factors form a tripartite GnRH response element in the rat LHb gene promoter (Kaiser et al, 2000). On the other hand SP1 has also been shown to bind to the GH promoter (for review see Rousseau 1992, Theill and Karin, 1993) as well as to its own promoter thus the SP1 gene is autoregulated (Nicolas et al, 2001). Interestingly there is also crosstalk with Egr-1 by binding of SP1 also to the Egr-1 promoter (Cao et al, 1993).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The main purpose of the present study was therefore to demonstrate that GnRH indeed stimulates gene expression of SP1 and in particular to delineate the intracellular pathways through which this occurs. Since as mentioned above SP1 also binds to the GH promoter (see Rousseau, 1992) but with the possible exception of POMC (Liu et al, 1995) apparently not to any other AP hormone promoter the putative transcriptional control of SP1 and signal transduction pathways mediating stimulation by GHRH were analysed as well.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Signal Transduction Mediating Gene Expression of SP1, LHβ-Subunit and GH in Response to GnRH or GHRH in the Postnatal and Fetal Porcine Anterior Pituitary in Vitro

Zeng¹,

Aldag²,

Elsaesser³

2005

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes

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To clarify signal transduction pathways mediating putative gene expression of transcription factor SP1 (selective promoter factor 1 or specificity protein 1) by GnRH or GHRH porcine anterior pituitary monolayer cultures were exposed for various time periods to GnRH, GHRH, activators of adenylate cyclase (AC) or proteinkinase C (PKC), and mRNA levels of SP1, LHbeta-subunit, and GH were determined by multiplex RT-PCR. In many experiments LH and GH release were measured as well for comparison. Another approach was to inactivate AC, PKC, or proteinkinase A (PKA) by specific inhibitors, MDL, GFX, and H89, respectively. Postnatally (4 weeks) SP1 mRNA level was maximally increased by GnRH, GHRH and both by activation of AC or PKC after 2 h of exposure. Two-hour stimulation of SP1 mRNA levels by dbcAMP was totally blocked by H89, while this inhibitor not clearly blocked GHRH stimulated SP1 mRNA levels. Stimulation of LHbeta mRNA by GnRH was suppressed by inactivation of AC or of PKC but not by inactivation of PKA. Inactivation of AC or PKA but not of PKC inhibited GHRH induced GH mRNA. Already at day 50 of fetal life (and likewise day 80) SP1 mRNA levels were stimulated by GHRH or activation of AC, but not by GnRH or activation of PKC. The results are consistent with the notion that SP1 plays an important role 1) in conferring GnRH responsiveness to the LHbeta-subunit gene by mediating the actions of both AC and PKC and 2) in conferring GHRH responsiveness to the GH gene through activation of the AC probably PKA pathway. Furthermore, the data are in line with the view that the GHRH/AC/SP1/GH pathway develops earlier during fetal life than the GnRH/PKC/SP1/LHbeta pathway.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Signal Transduction Mediating Gene Expression of SP1, LHβ-Subunit and GH in Response to GnRH or GHRH in the Postnatal and Fetal Porcine Anterior Pituitary in Vitro

Zeng¹,

Aldag²,

Elsaesser³

2005

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes

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“…Considerable work has been done, however, in the pituitary where both cis-and trans-specific elements have been identified to be important in the modulation of GH transcription. Thus, both positive and negative control elements, including thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids, GHRH, and SOM, have all been shown to be important factors in pituitary GH gene transcription [17][18][19]. Transcription factors from the pituitary binding to the GH promoter include: (1) basic machinery factors such as USF, NF-1 and SP-1, (2) GHF-1 and its isoforms, and (3) hormone-activated nuclear receptors such as glucocorticoid and thyroid receptors [17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, both positive and negative control elements, including thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids, GHRH, and SOM, have all been shown to be important factors in pituitary GH gene transcription [17][18][19]. Transcription factors from the pituitary binding to the GH promoter include: (1) basic machinery factors such as USF, NF-1 and SP-1, (2) GHF-1 and its isoforms, and (3) hormone-activated nuclear receptors such as glucocorticoid and thyroid receptors [17][18][19]. These same transcriptional factors have also been identified in cells of the immune system [18][19][20][21][22], although their exact role, if any, in GH synthesis has yet to be determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Promoter-Directing Expression of Growth Hormone in a Monocyte Cell Line

Weigent

Vines

Long

et al. 2000

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Previous work from our laboratory has shown that cells of the immune system produce a growth hormone (GH) molecule similar to that produced by the pituitary. In the present study, using Southern analysis of RT-PCR products and sequencing of cloned cDNA molecules, we demonstrate that lymphoid cell lines utilize the same promoter and first exon as the pituitary somatotrope. To identify the cis-elements involved in transcriptional regulation of immune cell-derived GH, we have coupled rat GH promoter fragments to a luciferase reporter gene and transfected a monocyte cell line (P-388) by electroporation. The results suggest the presence of both positive (–299/–193 bp) and negative (–193/–107 bp) regulatory elements. The same constructs transfected in the pituitary cell line, GH3, in contrast to the monocyte cell line, showed a gradual decrease in luciferase expression. The overexpression of GHF-1 or GHF-2 resulted in a modest but significant reduction in rat GH promoter activity in the P-388 cell line. Taken together, the data suggest that immune cells utilize the same first exon and promoter sequence for the expression of monocyte GH as that reported for the expression of pituitary GH. Further, it appears that sequences between –299 and –107 bp are important in the regulation of the promoter where different transcription factors may be recruited to promote GH expression in a monocyte cell line.

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Growth Hormone‐Releasing Hormone: Discovery, Regulation, and Actions

Frohman

Kineman

1999

Comprehensive Physiology

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The sections in this article are: Historical Aspects Biological Evidence for a Hypothalamic Growth Hormone–Releasing Factor Purification Anatomical Localization Central Nervous System Extracranial Atypical Molecular Biology and Chemistry of Hypothalamic Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Gene Expression Peptide Processing Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Actions Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Receptor Signal‐Transduction Pathways Regulation of Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Receptor Synthesis and Activity Additional Actions Regulation of Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Synthesis and Secretion Hypothalamic Negative‐Feedback Effects of Growth Hormone Glucocorticoids Gonadal Steroids Neurotransmitters Signal‐Transduction Pathways which Lead to Growth Hormone–Releasing Hormone Release Ontogenesis and Senescence of the Hormone‐Receptor System Metabolic Changes Future Directions

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Growth Hormone Gene Regulation by <i>trans</i><i>-</i>Acting Factors

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

Signal Transduction Mediating Gene Expression of SP1, LHβ-Subunit and GH in Response to GnRH or GHRH in the Postnatal and Fetal Porcine Anterior Pituitary in Vitro

Signal Transduction Mediating Gene Expression of SP1, LHβ-Subunit and GH in Response to GnRH or GHRH in the Postnatal and Fetal Porcine Anterior Pituitary in Vitro

Characterization of the Promoter-Directing Expression of Growth Hormone in a Monocyte Cell Line

Growth Hormone‐Releasing Hormone: Discovery, Regulation, and Actions

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