Growth Mechanism of Large-Size Rubrene Single Crystals Grown by a Solution Technique

Zhang, Pengqiang; Zeng, Xionghui; Jing, Deng; Huang, Kai; Bao, Feng; Qiu, Ye; Xu, Ke; Zhang, Jinping

doi:10.1143/jjap.49.095501

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Furthermore, no steplike structures with step widths in the range of 1 μm or larger, characteristic of single crystal films, have been observed. 14,15 The AFM images from our films are almost identical to the thermally evaporated amorphous rubrene film AFM image that was recorded by Seo et al 12 XRD scans did not provide any peak belonging to rubrene crystal (not shown). Results from AFM and XRD measurements confirm that our rubrene films are in the amorphous phase.…”

Section: A Steady State Photophysicssupporting

confidence: 75%

Competition between polaron pair formation and singlet fission observed in amorphous rubrene films

et al. 2013

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In this paper, we investigate excited state dynamics in amorphous rubrene vacuum sublimed films. We report the direct observation of singlet fission in amorphous rubrene films. We have determined the fission rate to be >2.5 × 10 12 s −1 . Simultaneously, we observe strong polaron pair absorption and propose that polaron pair formation could be competing with singlet fission. Another possible conclusion from our experiments could be that two triplets from singlet fission might arise via polaron pairs. In either case, polaron pairs play an important role in singlet fission in an amorphous rubrene film. We also observe that triplets created by singlet fission fuse to regenerate a singlet, giving delayed fluorescence (DF) scaling linearly with initial laser energy (i.e., one singlet gives two triplets and two triplets give back one singlet). This is a strong evidence of S n 1 → 2T 1 . We did not observe substantial temperature dependence of DF decay curve shape, indicating that triplet migration in amorphous rubrene films is not hopping limited and that triplets undergo fusion before their migration.

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Section: A Steady State Photophysicssupporting

confidence: 75%

Competition between polaron pair formation and singlet fission observed in amorphous rubrene films

et al. 2013

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“…The data has been acquired after subtracting the background response originating from ambient air and host alumina template. For rubrene nanowires (Figure 4a), the characteristic peaks have close resemblance with rubrene crystal and powder reported before 49, 50. The three closely spaced peaks at ∼3000 cm −1 are typically associated with C‐H bond stretching49 (Scheme ) and are present in both powder and nanowire spectra.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

“…For rubrene nanowires (Figure 4a), the characteristic peaks have close resemblance with rubrene crystal and powder reported before 49, 50. The three closely spaced peaks at ∼3000 cm −1 are typically associated with C‐H bond stretching49 (Scheme ) and are present in both powder and nanowire spectra. The remaining peaks originate from the skeletal vibration of ring (Scheme ) and are also present in both spectra.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 74%

Template‐Assisted Synthesis of π‐Conjugated Molecular Organic Nanowires in the Sub‐100 nm Regime and Device Implications

Alam

Singh

Starko‐Bowes

et al. 2012

Adv Funct Materials

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Template-Assisted Synthesis of π -Conjugated Molecular Organic Nanowires in the Sub-100 nm Regime and Device Implicationsπ -conjugated molecular organics such as rubrene, Alq 3 , fullerene, and PCBM have been used extensively over the last few decades in numerous organic electronic devices, including solar cells, thin-fi lm transistors, and large-area, low-cost fl exible displays. Rubrene and Alq 3 , have emerged as promising platforms for spin-based classical and quantum information processing, which has triggered signifi cant research activity in the relatively new area of organic spintronics. Synthesis of these materials in a nanowire geometry, with feature sizes in the sub-100 nm regime, is desirable as it often enhances device performance and is essential for development of high-density molecular electronic devices. However, fabrication techniques that meet this stringent size constraint are still largely underdeveloped. Here, a novel, versatile, and reagentless method that enables growth of nanowire arrays of the above-mentioned organics in the cylindrical nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates is demonstrated. This method 1) allows synthesis of high-density organic nanowire arrays on arbitrary substrates, 2) provides electrical access to the nanowire arrays, 3) offers tunability of the array geometry in a range overlapping with the relevant physical length scales of many organic devices, and 4) can potentially be extended to synthesize axially and radially heterostructured organic nanowires. Thus prepared nanowires are characterized extensively with an aim to identify their potential applications in diverse areas such as organic optoelectronics, photovoltaics, molecular nanoelectronics, and spintronics.

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“…They must correspond to harmonic or combination vibrations, which can be strong enough to be detected when modes that give strong IR absorption bands are involved. Interestingly, the same features can be seen in the IR spectrum of rubrene, 41 suggesting that they arise from combinations of vibrations in the phenyl side groups and terminal benzene rings of the tetracene backbone. At least one of the most strongly IRactive vibrations, i.e., the b 3u out-of-plane phenyl group deformation that gives the band at 699.1 cm À1 or the b 1u out-of-plane CH bending of the terminal benzene rings that causes the absorption at 762.7 cm À1 , is likely involved.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 59%

Identification of vibrational excitations and optical transitions of the organic electron donor tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP)

Rouillé

Kirchhuebel

Rink

et al. 2015

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) attracts interest as an organic electron donor for photovoltaic applications. In order to assist in the analysis of vibrational and optical spectra measured during the formation of thin films of DBP, we have studied the vibrational modes and the electronic states of this molecule. Information on the vibrational modes of the electronic ground state has been obtained by IR absorption spectroscopy of DBP grains embedded in polyethylene and CsI pellets and by calculations using density functional theory (DFT). Electronic transitions have been measured by UV/vis absorption spectroscopy applied to DBP molecules isolated in rare-gas matrices. These measurements are compared with the results of ab initio and semi-empirical calculations. Particularly, the vibrational pattern observed in the S1 ← S0 transition is interpreted using a theoretical vibronic spectrum computed with an ab initio model. The results of the previous experiments and calculations are employed to analyze the data obtained by high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) applied to DBP molecules deposited on a Au(111) surface. They are also used to examine the measurements performed by differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) on DBP molecules deposited on a muscovite mica(0001) surface. It is concluded that the DBP molecules in the first monolayer do not show any obvious degree of chemisorption on mica(0001). Regarding the first monolayer of DBP on Au(111), the HREELS data are consistent with a face-on anchoring and the absence of strong electronic coupling.

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Growth Mechanism of Large-Size Rubrene Single Crystals Grown by a Solution Technique

Cited by 11 publications

References 26 publications

Competition between polaron pair formation and singlet fission observed in amorphous rubrene films

Competition between polaron pair formation and singlet fission observed in amorphous rubrene films

Template‐Assisted Synthesis of π‐Conjugated Molecular Organic Nanowires in the Sub‐100 nm Regime and Device Implications

Identification of vibrational excitations and optical transitions of the organic electron donor tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP)

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