Growth mechanism of metal-oxide nanowires synthesized by electron beam evaporation: A self-catalytic vapor-liquid-solid process

Yu, Hak Ki; Lee, Jong‐Lam

doi:10.1038/srep06589

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…At temperatures above the eutectic point it is observed the formation of nanowires with identical composition to the base components used in the growth process. All the nanowires have the catalyst particle at their tips, which can be observed in Figure 1 b and has been confirmed to be made of the same material as the nanowire by micrograph techniques [ 35 ], thus supporting the self-catalytic VLS hypothesis [ 41 , 42 , 43 ].…”

Section: Growth Of Ito Nanowires Characteristics and Dependencessupporting

confidence: 58%

“…Similar results were obtained by Kumar et al [ 35 ], who grew ITO nanowires also by EBE, by Fung et al [ 39 ], who produced ITO nanowires by dc sputtering, and by Johnson et al [ 40 ] using CVD. Authors that have reported the fabrication of ITO nanowires have described two mechanisms for growing such nanostructures: vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) and self-catalytic VLS [ 41 , 42 , 43 ]. The first one requires relatively high growth temperatures, normally ranged between 700–1000 °C.…”

Section: Growth Of Ito Nanowires Characteristics and Dependencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanostructure ITO and Get More of It. Better Performance at Lower Cost

et al. 2020

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In this paper, we investigated how different growth conditions (i.e., temperature, growth time, and composition) allows for trading off cost (i.e., In content) and performance of nanostructured indium tin oxide (ITO) for biosensing applications. Next, we compared the behavior of these functionalized nanostructured surfaces obtained in different growth conditions between each other and with a standard thin film as a reference, observing improvements in effective detection area up to two orders of magnitude. This enhanced the biosensor’s sensitivity, with higher detection level, better accuracy and higher reproducibility. Results show that below 150 °C, the growth of ITO over the substrate forms a homogenous layer without any kind of nanostructuration. In contrast, at temperatures higher than 150 °C, a two-phase temperature-dependent growth was observed. We concluded that (i) nanowire length grows exponentially with temperature (activation energy 356 meV) and leads to optimal conditions in terms of both electroactive surface area and sensitivity at around 300 °C, (ii) longer times of growth than 30 min lead to larger active areas and (iii) the In content in a nanostructured film can be reduced by 10%, obtaining performances equivalent to those found in commercial flat-film ITO electrodes. In summary, this work shows how to produce appropriate materials with optimized cost and performances for different applications in biosensing.

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Section: Growth Of Ito Nanowires Characteristics and Dependencessupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Growth Of Ito Nanowires Characteristics and Dependencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructure ITO and Get More of It. Better Performance at Lower Cost

et al. 2020

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“…32 At an oxygen partial pressure of 10 − 4 Torr, e-beam irradiation can decompose ITO to indium, tin and oxygen.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Ito Branchesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced black state induced by spatial silver nanoparticles in an electrochromic device

et al. 2017

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The use of three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical indium tin oxide (ITO) branches of electrochromic devices (ECDs) is an effective approach for increasing the optical properties via localized surface plasmon resonance compared with two-dimensional nanostructured electrodes. ECDs with 3D branches were designed to operate in transparent, mirror and black states. Finite-difference time-domain simulation was used to find the electrical field distributions in three types of ECD: glass/ITO with Ag film, glass/ITO branches and glass/ITO branches with Ag nanoparticles. The ECDs had an optical transmittance of 73.76% in the transparent state, a reflectance of 79.77% in the mirror state and a reflectance of 8.78% in the black state. We achieved an ECD with high stability that can show ∼ 10 000 switching cycles among the three states. NPG Asia Materials (2017) 9, e362; doi:10.1038/am.2017.25; published online 17 March 2017 INTRODUCTION Electrochromic devices (ECDs) can exhibit reversible color changes induced by electric energy and the resulting electrochemical redox reactions of materials. 1,2 The changes in optical states are consequences of a change in the electronic state as a result of electron transfer between the electrochromic (EC) material and an electrode. ECDs offer many advantages over conventional displays, including a low operating voltage (V OP ), memory effects, color variations and visibility in sunlight. [3][4][5][6][7] Therefore, ECDs are expected to achieve applications in information displays or in light-modulating devices such as smart windows, switchable mirrors, electronic papers and chemical sensors. [8][9][10][11][12] Conventional ECDs are composed of a non-metal (NM) EC material (for example, poly(ethylene oxide), poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinylidene difluoride, WO 3 , MoO 3 , Ir(OH) 3 , NiO). [13][14][15][16][17] In particular, WO 3 , which is the most widely known EC material, has attracted considerable attention because of its broad applications such as in ECDs, photocatalysis and sensing devices. 3 However, the use of NM-ECD encounters two drawbacks. (1) It has low optical transmittance when in the transparent state because of the inherent color and high extinction coefficient (k) of the NM materials compared with the metal ions in the electrolyte of the transparent state. [13][14][15][16][17][18] (2) The NM-ECD cannot exhibit a mirror state. Because free electrons are rarely generated in NM materials, an electric field easily penetrates the NM materials. Therefore, most of the incident energy is absorbed or transmitted. As a result, NM-ECDs are not suitable for use in displays and windows.Silver (Ag) has been used as an EC material because of its superior optical properties. Because Ag readily assembles into nanoparticles

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“…On the cross-section view of the NCO-1/1 sample ( Figure 4 d bottom), nanowire crystals can be easily observed, reaching lengths up to 40 nm. Several mechanisms of the nanowire/whiskers growth are presented in the literature, describing the morphology of the sample NCO-1/1 [ 65 , 66 , 67 ], including the growth of metal-oxide whiskers [ 68 , 69 , 70 ]. During the formation of TMO nanowires, the importance of the chemical composition and growth conditions were noted [ 69 , 70 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomic Layer Deposition of Ni-Co-O Thin-Film Electrodes for Solid-State LIBs and the Influence of Chemical Composition on Overcapacity

et al. 2021

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Nanostructured metal oxides (MOs) demonstrate good electrochemical properties and are regarded as promising anode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The capacity of nickel-cobalt oxides-based materials is among the highest for binary transition metals oxide (TMOs). In the present paper, we report the investigation of Ni-Co-O (NCO) thin films obtained by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using nickel and cobalt metallocenes in a combination with oxygen plasma. The formation of NCO films with different ratios of Ni and Co was provided by ALD cycles leading to the formation of nickel oxide (a) and cobalt oxide (b) in one supercycle (linear combination of a and b cycles). The film thickness was set by the number of supercycles. The synthesized films had a uniform chemical composition over the depth with an admixture of metallic nickel and carbon up to 4 at.%. All samples were characterized by a single NixCo1-xO phase with a cubic face-centered lattice and a uniform density. The surface of the NCO films was uniform, with rare inclusions of nanoparticles 15–30 nm in diameter. The growth rates of all films on steel were higher than those on silicon substrates, and this difference increased with increasing cobalt concentration in the films. In this paper, we propose a method for processing cyclic voltammetry curves for revealing the influence of individual components (nickel oxide, cobalt oxide and solid electrolyte interface—SEI) on the electrochemical capacity. The initial capacity of NCO films was augmented with an increase of nickel oxide content.

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Growth mechanism of metal-oxide nanowires synthesized by electron beam evaporation: A self-catalytic vapor-liquid-solid process

Cited by 45 publications

References 53 publications

Nanostructure ITO and Get More of It. Better Performance at Lower Cost

Nanostructure ITO and Get More of It. Better Performance at Lower Cost

Enhanced black state induced by spatial silver nanoparticles in an electrochromic device

Atomic Layer Deposition of Ni-Co-O Thin-Film Electrodes for Solid-State LIBs and the Influence of Chemical Composition on Overcapacity

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