Growth of Black Phosphorus Nanobelts and Microbelts

Abstract

2D materials have tremendous potential for electronic and optoelectronic applications. A good example can be found in graphene due to various novel physical properties. [1][2][3] However, graphene behaves as metallic or semimetallic due to the absence of bandgap, and thus cannot be used as semiconductor switches in computer circuits. Recently, a new 2D elemental allotrope material, black phosphorus (BP), has attracted increasing attention and is being investigated with lots of efforts. [4] BP has a similarly layered structure, which allows it to be mechanically exfoliated into ultrathin layers of atomic Black phosphorus nanobelts are fabricated with a one-step solid-liquid-solid reaction method under ambient pressure, where red phosphorus is used as the precursor instead of white phosphorus. The thickness of the as-fabricated nanobelts ranges from micrometers to tens of nanometers as studied by scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction indicate that the nanobelts have the composition and the structure of black phosphorus, transmission electron microscopy reveals a typical layered structure stacked along the b-axis, and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis demonstrates the doping of bismuth into the black phosphorus structure. The nanobelt can be directly measured in scanning tunneling microscopy in ambient conditions.

High yield growth and doping of black phosphorus with tunable electronic properties

“…After growth, the purity of the BP was characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis (Figure S6, Supporting Information). Figure 1e summarizes the growth yield of BP using the different methods reported in 6 the literature (HTHP method [28,29,36,37] , sonochemistry [38] , flux method [19,39,40] and CVT method [22,23,[31][32][33]41] ). Overall, the results show that a high growth yield and high purity BP are obtained by the SDT method developed in this work using a uniform temperature.…”

“…All the diffraction peaks can be indexed to BP crystals with a preferred orientation of (0k0). The most intense peak in the XRD pattern (Figure 2h) is the (040) peak which has a narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.186 °, indicating good crystallinity [39] . This was supported by Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy results.…”

Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus Nanomaterials: Emerging Advances in Electrochemical Energy Storage Science

“…The highest peak in the XRD pattern (Fig. 4 f) is the (040) peak which shows a narrow full width with half maximum of 0.186 o , indicating a high crystallinity [ 144 ]. As can be seen in the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Fig.…”

Recent Advances on Black Phosphorus Based Electrocatalysts for Water‐Splitting

“…[9] WP is the most active one among the four P allotropes, while its high toxicity and low ignition point limits its practical application. [10,11] Although RP is less toxic but it suffers from an extremely low electronic conductivity. [12] Besides, very limited knowledge of VP has been obtained since its unconvincing experimental data.…”

“…In general, the elemental P exists in four main allotropes: white phosphorus (WP), red phosphorus (RP), violet phosphorus (VP) and black phosphorus (BP) . WP is the most active one among the four P allotropes, while its high toxicity and low ignition point limits its practical application . Although RP is less toxic but it suffers from an extremely low electronic conductivity .…”