Growth of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin films by coevaporation using alkaline precursors

Ård, Marika Bodeg; Granath, Karin; Stolt, Lars

doi:10.1016/s0040-6090(99)00828-7

Cited by 120 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The methods include the co-evaporation or the deposition of a thin precursor of a Na compound such as NaF, Na 2 Se or Na 2 S. The effects of other alkali metal salts (e.g., KF, CsF, LiF) have been investigated. 97,98 The observed effects of the KF and LiF precursors were similar to those of NaF, but less pronounced, while the CsF precursor had only a minor influence on the CIGS properties. Generally, Na in CIGS improves the cell efficiency by increasing the V OC and fill factor.…”

Section: Sodium Incorporation In Cigsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se₂and CdTe solar cells

Romeo¹,

Terheggen²,

Abou‐Ras³

et al. 2004

Progress in Photovoltaics

358

192

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Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe heterojunction solar cells grown on rigid (glass) or flexible foil substrates require p‐type absorber layers of optimum optoelectronic properties and n‐type wide‐bandgap partner layers to form the p–n junction. Transparent conducting oxide and specific metal layers are used for front and back electrical contacts. Efficiencies of solar cells depend on various deposition methods as they control the optoelectronic properties of the layers and interfaces. Certain treatments, such as addition of Na in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdCl2 treatment of CdTe have a direct influence on the electronic properties of the absorber layers and efficiency of solar cells. Processes for the development of superstrate and substrate solar cells are reviewed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Sodium Incorporation In Cigsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se₂and CdTe solar cells

Romeo¹,

Terheggen²,

Abou‐Ras³

et al. 2004

Progress in Photovoltaics

358

192

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“…These effects include an increase in hole carrier density resulting in an improvement of p-type conductivity, an improved open circuit voltage (V oc ) and fill factor (FF), and consequent enhancement in cell efficiencies. Na is also known to affect the CIGS growth orientation and enhance (112) texture [41]. Several models have been proposed to account for the increase in the hole carrier density.…”

Section: Control Of Alkali Incorporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

CIGS absorbers and processes

Niki¹,

Contreras²,

Repins³

et al. 2010

Progress in Photovoltaics

418

232

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The current status and future perspectives of Cu(In 1Àx Ga x )Se 2 (CIGS) solar cells and modules will be discussed in this paper. The conversion efficiencies of the state of the art laboratory-scale CIGS solar cells exceeded 20%, which are comparable to those of crystalline Si solar cells. The requirements on the properties of CIGS absorbers to achieve such high efficiencies will be described. The CIGS modules are already commercially available based on two major CIGS deposition techniques such as co-evaporation and selenization. The current status, problems, and prospects of co-evaporation and selenization will also be discussed. High-efficiency flexible CIGS solar cells with efficiencies similar to those fabricated on soda-lime glass (SLG) substrates have been achieved by developing a novel Na incorporation technique. Critical issues to demonstrate high-efficiency flexible solar cells will also be discussed.

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“…[5][6][7][8] Na incorporation into the CIGSe absorber results in a significant improvement of solar cell efficiency, [9][10][11][12] and so for devices based on alternative (i.e., Na-free) substrates, Na must be added deliberately as part of the solar cell manufacturing process. Na can be incorporated prior to, 13,14 during, 12,15 or after 2,16 CIGSe growth. (Note that the latter approach requires a subsequent annealing process.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Note that the latter approach requires a subsequent annealing process.) 15 Most commonly, Na binary compounds such as NaF, Na 2 S, and Na 2 Se 15 as well as NaCl 17 are employed as Na sources. The many diverse effects ascribed to the incorporation of Na in the CIGSe material have been summarized and discussed extensively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Na incorporation into Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cell absorbers deposited on polyimide: Impact on the chemical and electronic surface structure

Song

Caballero

Félix

et al. 2012

Journal of Applied Physics

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The following article appeared in Journal of Applied Physics 111.3 (2012): 034903 and may be found at http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/jap/111/3/10.1063/1.3679604Na has deliberately been incorporated into Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) chalcopyrite thin-film solar cell absorbers deposited on Mo-coated polyimide flexible substrates by adding differently thick layers of NaF in-between CIGSe absorber and Mo back contact. The impact of Na on the chemical and electronic surface structure of CIGSe absorbers with various Cu-contents deposited at comparatively low temperature (420 C) has been studied using x-ray photoelectron and x-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy. We observe a higher Na surface content for the Cu-richer CIGSe samples and can distinguish between two different chemical Na environments, best described as selenide-like and oxidized Na species, respectively. Furthermore, we find a Cu-poor surface composition of the CIGSe samples independent of Na content and - for very high Na contents - indications for the formation of a (Cu,Na)-(In,Ga)-Se like compound. With increasing Na surface content, also a shift of the photoemission lines to lower binding energies could be identified, which we interpret as a reduction of the downward band bending toward the CIGSe surface explained by the Na-induced elimination of In Cu defects.X.S., R.F., D.G., R.G.W., and M.B. are grateful to the Helmholtz-Association for financial support (VH-NG-423). R.F. also acknowledges the support by the German Academic Exchange Agency (DAAD; 331 4 04 002)

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Growth of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin films by coevaporation using alkaline precursors

Cited by 120 publications

References 7 publications

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se₂and CdTe solar cells

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se₂and CdTe solar cells

CIGS absorbers and processes

Na incorporation into Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cell absorbers deposited on polyimide: Impact on the chemical and electronic surface structure

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Growth of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin films by coevaporation using alkaline precursors

Cited by 120 publications

References 7 publications

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se2and CdTe solar cells

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se2and CdTe solar cells

CIGS absorbers and processes

Na incorporation into Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cell absorbers deposited on polyimide: Impact on the chemical and electronic surface structure

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se₂and CdTe solar cells

Development of thin‐film Cu(In,Ga)Se₂and CdTe solar cells