Growth of Infants and Young Children Born Small or Large for Gestational Age

Hediger, Mary L.; Overpeck, Mary D.; Maurer, Kurt R.; Kuczmarski, Robert J.; McGlynn, Andrea; Davis, William W.

doi:10.1001/archpedi.152.12.1225

Cited by 168 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Only a small proportion of these children -the proportion being similar for children born to smoking and non-smoking pregnant women -are overweight at 4.5 years, even when they are in the highest quintiles of weight gain in their first months of life. This finding accords with other studies indicating that children born with lower weights tend to stay smaller in early childhood, 19,20 given that high birth weights are more consistently associated with later obesity than low birth weights. 18 With reference to maternal smoking during pregnancy, birth weight, and weight gain in the first months of life, our analysis indicates that three groups of children were the most prone to being overweight at 4.5 years.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Early determinants of overweight at 4.5 years in a population-based longitudinal study

2006

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Objectives: The roots of the obesity epidemic need to be traced back as early in life as possible in order to develop effective means for preventing obesity and its health consequences in the future. The aim of this paper is to examine a broad range of factors that may simultaneously contribute to childhood overweight in a population-based cohort of children followed from birth to 4.5 years, to determine which factors exert the most influence in early life. Design: The analyses were performed using data from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development 1998. Subjects: The study follows a representative sample (n ¼ 2103) of children born in 1998 in the Canadian province of Quebec. Measure: Measured height and weight were available for 1550 children aged 4.5 years. At 4.5 years, BMI was analyzed using the US CDC sex-and age-specific growth charts. In order to study children at their highest weights at various ages, odds ratios were presented for high birth weight, weight-for-stature at or above the 95th percentile at 5 months, and BMI at or above the 95th percentile at 4.5 years. Monthly weight gain between birth and five months has been analyzed. Children were also evaluated by the Z-score obtained from the standardized weight divided by height. Factors potentially related to children's weight include sex, gestational age and birth rank, breastfeeding, mothers' smoking status during pregnancy, family type at child's birth, and family income before pregnancy and when the children were 5 months and 4.5 years old. Other parental factors such as height and overweight/obesity (based on BMI) and other maternal factors (age, education, immigrant status) were also part of the analysis. Results: Being in the highest quintiles of weight gain between birth and 5 months, as well as maternal smoking during pregnancy, almost double the odds of being overweight at 4.5 years. Parental overweight or obesity also increased the odds of being overweight at this age, as well as being raised in middle-income or in poor families. A greater proportion of children born to nonsmoking mothers with higher weights (more than 4000 g) were overweight at 4.5 years, the percentage being greatest for those in the highest weight-gain categories from birth to 5 months. The pattern was different for children born to smoking mothers. The greatest proportion of 4.5-year-old overweight children was seen for children born in the normal weight-range category (3000-4000 g) who were in the highest quintiles of weight gain from birth to 5 months, and for children with high birth weights (more than 4000 g) who were in the lowest quintiles of birth-to-5-months weight gain. Children who were overweight at 4.5 years and who had been born to smoking mothers started life with a birth weight around that for the population means, but they gained more weight in the first 5 months of life than did the children of nonsmoking mothers. Conclusion: This study indicates that behavioral and social factors exert critical influences on the onset of childhood overweight...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Early determinants of overweight at 4.5 years in a population-based longitudinal study

2006

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“…In a cohort of premature and full-term neonates [23], the SGA babies remained shorter and lighter and had smaller HC than their normal peers through 47 months of age. In SGA premature babies born between 30 and 38 weeks of gestation and followed for only 2 years [24], the catch-up growth was similar in SGA and matched AGA infants, and it occurred by 6-8 months for height, weight, and HC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Catch-Up Growth in 166 Small-for- Gestational Age Premature Infants Weighing Less than 1,000 g at Birth

Monset-Couchard

Bethmann

2000

Neonatology

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Catch-up growth was studied in 166 children born with an extremely low birth weight (<1,000 g) and small-for-gestational age (SGA, <10th percentile birth weight for gestational age). Of these children 159 were followed up for between 4 and 18 years (median 9 years). Group A, SGA <10th percentile of Lubchenco curves only; group B, <10th percentile of Mamelle’s curves but >5th percentile, and group C, <5th percentile of Mammelle’s curves. Catch-up growth was considered to be achieved when height, weight, and head circumference (HC) reached –2 SD of French reference data and remained above this limit afterwards. Catch-up growth in height was achieved in 126/156 children or 81% (group A 88%; group B 84%; group C 74%), before 3 years of age in 100/127 (78%). Seven children below –2 SD received growth hormone (1 child who caught up was excluded from the results). Catch-up growth in weight was achieved in 126/159 children or 79% (group A 86%; group B 82%; group C 73%), before 3 years of age in 87/126 (69%). Catch-up growth in HC was achieved in 126/156 or 81% (group A 78%; group B 92%; group C 77%), before 3 years of age in 102/127 (80%). Overall catch-up growth was achieved for all three parameters in 65% of children, two of three parameters in 19%, and one of three parameters in 8%. Eleven children never caught up on any parameter. While weight is a lesser concern and HC is not liable to intervention, a greater number of short children might benefit from growth hormone therapy.

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“…FT-SGAs are known for their ability to catch up on growth, but a significant proportion (9-11%) persists in growth restriction (growth below the second percentile, P 2.3) [1,2]. Growth restriction in early childhood is prevalent in early (10-20%) as well as moderately (5%) preterm-born infants [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth in Small-for-Gestational-Age Preterm-Born Children from 0 to 4 Years: The Role of both Prematurity and SGA Status

Bocca-Tjeertes¹,

Reijneveld²,

Kerstjens³

et al. 2013

Neonatology

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Background: Fullterm small-for-gestational-age children (SGAs) are known for their ability to catch up on growth. Nevertheless, increased risk of growth restriction remains. Evidence on preterm SGA children's growth is lacking. Objective: To determine absolute gains in height and weight, relative growth, and growth restriction in preterm SGAs from 0 to 4 years and how prematurity and SGA status affect these measures. Design/Methods: Community-based cohort study, n = 1,648 preterm-born (gestational age <36 weeks, 57 SGA) and 605 term-born (12 SGA). We defined SGA as a birth weight less than -2 SD (P 2.3) compared to counterparts matched for gestational age. Height, weight, and head circumference were obtained from medical records and translated to z-scores. We defined growth restriction as height or weight less than -2 SD compared to fullterm appropriate-for-gestational-age children (AGAs). Results: Absolute height and weight gains were similar, but the relative growth of preterms and fullterms differed. Preterm AGAs and fullterm SGAs, although not reaching it, caught up towards the fullterm AGA median (z-scores at 4 years: -0.3 to -1.0). By contrast, preterm SGA children's z-scores were still -1.4 to -1.7. Head circumference growth was less affected by prematurity and SGA birth (z-scores at 1 year: 0.1 to -0.7). Catch-up growth mainly took place during infancy. 30-39% of all preterm SGAs showed growth restriction at 4 years. Conclusions: Growth in preterm SGAs is affected considerably by the joint effects of preterm birth and SGA status, resulting in a high proportion of growth restriction.

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Growth of Infants and Young Children Born Small or Large for Gestational Age

Cited by 168 publications

References 39 publications

Early determinants of overweight at 4.5 years in a population-based longitudinal study

Early determinants of overweight at 4.5 years in a population-based longitudinal study

Catch-Up Growth in 166 Small-for- Gestational Age Premature Infants Weighing Less than 1,000 g at Birth

Growth in Small-for-Gestational-Age Preterm-Born Children from 0 to 4 Years: The Role of both Prematurity and SGA Status

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