Growth of Juvenile Green Sea Urchins, <i>Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis</i>, Fed Formulated Feeds with Varying Protein Levels Compared with a Macroalgal Diet and a Commercial Abalone Feed

Eddy, Stephen; Brown, Nicholas; Kling, Ashley L.; Watts, Stephen A.; Lawrence, Addison L.

doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2012.00560.x

Cited by 42 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…This is consistent with James et al (2007), who found that urchins with poor initial gonad quality benefited more from gonad conditioning than urchins with higher initial gonad quality. Improvement in gonad quality from an artificial diet contrasts with numerous studies where algal diets produced roe of better colour than artificial diets (Shpigel et al 2004, Phillips et al 2009, Eddy et al 2012, Cyrus et al 2013). However, gonad conditioning did not improve the overall gonad quality of urchins from Barren 1 (Fig.…”

Section: In-season Gonad Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 62%

Barrens of gold: gonad conditioning of an overabundant sea urchin

Pert¹,

Swearer²,

Dworjanyn³

et al. 2018

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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Overgrazing by the overabundant native purple urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma has caused kelp-dominated reefs to shift to urchin barrens throughout southeastern Australia. These areas are characterised by low kelp abundance, low biodiversity and high urchin densities. As purple urchin gonads are a delicacy in many countries, commercial harvest from barrens could aid kelp recovery. However, the lack of macroalgae in these habitats, driven by high urchin densities, results in urchins with small, poor-quality roe that is commercially undesirable. To overcome this, we assessed whether urchin gonad quantity and quality could be improved with access to high-quality feed and optimal environmental conditions, a process known as 'gonad conditioning'. Specifically, we (1) surveyed the quality of urchins from barrens and kelp sites in Port Phillip Bay, Australia, over 18 mo and (2) tested if gonad conditioning was effective on urchins from barrens during and after the harvest season. Field surveys revealed considerable variation in gonad size across sites, habitats and collection periods (mean gonad index range: 3 to 12%). Gonad conditioning with the best diet increased urchin gonad size by up to 2.8 times during the harvest season. Moreover, gonads of conditioned urchins from one barren were 3 times brighter in colour and contained lower concentrations of arsenic than wild urchins. In contrast, gonad conditioning at 22°C after the harvest season was ineffective. Our results show that targeted in-season harvest from barrens and subsequent gonad conditioning produces roe of commercial quality, promoting the use of urchin fisheries as a tool for managing urchin barrens.

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Section: In-season Gonad Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 62%

Barrens of gold: gonad conditioning of an overabundant sea urchin

Pert¹,

Swearer²,

Dworjanyn³

et al. 2018

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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“…As nutritional requirements of adult L. variegatus may vary from those of juveniles, dietary requirements and efficiencies among marketable adults must also be evaluated at their respective size and/or age classes. Data reported by Eddy et al (2012) indicate that economic returns among other species of interest may vary from that of L. variegatus . Therefore, predictive modeling and economic analysis will be necessary for urchin species with life history and/or feeding strategies that differ from those of L. variegatus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dry matter production among adult L. variegatus increases with increasing level of dietary protein, but feed efficiency is correspondingly reduced (Hammer et al, 2012; Heflin et al, 2012). In contrast, wet weight gain among juvenile S. droebachiensis decreases with increasing level of dietary protein (Eddy et al, 2012), indicating that protein levels above ca. 20% may inhibit growth in this cold water species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production and economic optimization of dietary protein and carbohydrate in the culture of Juvenile Sea Urchin Lytechinus variegatus

Heflin

Makowsky²,

Taylor

et al. 2016

Aquaculture

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Juvenile Lytechinus variegatus (ca. 3.95± 0.54 g) were fed one of 10 formulated diets with different protein (ranging from 11- 43%) and carbohydrate (12 or 18%; brackets determined from previous studies) levels. Urchins (n= 16 per treatment) were fed a daily sub-satiation ration equivalent to 2.0% of average body weight for 10 weeks. Our objective was (1) to create predictive models of growth, production and efficiency outcomes and (2) to generate economic analysis models in relation to these dietary outcomes for juvenile L. variegatus held in culture. At dietary protein levels below ca. 30%, models for most growth and production outcomes predicted increased rates of growth and production among urchins fed diets containing 18% dietary carbohydrate levels as compared to urchins fed diets containing 12% dietary carbohydrate. For most outcomes, growth and production was predicted to increase with increasing level of dietary protein up to ca. 30%, after which, no further increase in growth and production were predicted. Likewise, dry matter production efficiency was predicted to increase with increasing protein level up to ca. 30%, with urchins fed diets with 18% carbohydrate exhibiting greater efficiency than those fed diets with 12% carbohydrate. The energetic cost of dry matter production was optimal at protein levels less than those required for maximal weight gain and gonad production, suggesting an increased energetic cost (decreased energy efficiency) is required to increase gonad production relative to somatic growth. Economic analysis models predict when cost of feed ingredients are low, the lowest cost per gram of wet weight gain will occur at 18% dietary carbohydrate and ca. 25- 30% dietary protein. In contrast, lowest cost per gram of wet weight gain will occur at 12% dietary carbohydrate and ca. 35- 40% dietary protein when feed ingredient costs are high or average. For both 18 and 12% levels of dietary carbohydrate, cost per gram of wet weight gain is predicted to be maximized at low dietary protein levels, regardless of feed ingredient costs. These models will compare dietary requirements and growth outcomes in relation to economic costs and provide insight for future commercialization of sea urchin aquaculture.

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“…; Pearce et al . ; Kennedy, Robinson, Parsons & Castell ; Eddy, Brown, King, Watts & Lawrence ), compared with 40% protein for small M. franciscanus (McBride et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of protein and carbohydrate levels on survival, consumption and gonad index in adult sea urchinStrongylocentrotus purpuratus(Stimpson 1857) from Baja California, Mexico

Cuesta‐Gomez

Sánchez‐Saavedra

2016

Aquac Res

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A greater understanding of dietary protein and carbohydrate levels with regard to gonad production in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus would increase our nutritional knowledge of this sea urchin and guide the development of formulated diets for such aquaculture target species. A total of 255 purple sea urchins were captured from Ensenada Bay, Mexico, and maintained in 200-L tanks for 9 weeks. Formulated diets that contained 30%, 26%, 23%, 20% and 17% of protein and 42%, 46%, 50%, 54% and 58% carbohydrates were offered ad libitum. Survival was affected by diets; urchins that were fed high-protein-low-carbohydrate diet experienced decreased survival. No significant differences were found in gonad index, but gonad production efficiency was lower in urchins that were fed a medium-low-protein-medium-high-carbohydrate diet. Urchins that were fed high carbohydrate levels utilized protein more efficiently and showed better digestibility of the diet and protein. These data suggest that all of our diets support gonad growth, but in terms of consumption, a diet that contains protein levels of 17% and 23% with carbohydrate levels of 50% and 58% are beneficial for S. purpuratus.

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Growth of Juvenile Green Sea Urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, Fed Formulated Feeds with Varying Protein Levels Compared with a Macroalgal Diet and a Commercial Abalone Feed

Cited by 42 publications

References 41 publications

Barrens of gold: gonad conditioning of an overabundant sea urchin

Barrens of gold: gonad conditioning of an overabundant sea urchin

Production and economic optimization of dietary protein and carbohydrate in the culture of Juvenile Sea Urchin Lytechinus variegatus

Effects of protein and carbohydrate levels on survival, consumption and gonad index in adult sea urchinStrongylocentrotus purpuratus(Stimpson 1857) from Baja California, Mexico

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